Scientism - Scientism The term scientism is a relatively newly coined word that refers to certain epistemologies based on science. It is important to note that different people use this word in a variety of ways: Scientism is sometimes used to mean the acceptance of scientific theory and scientific methods as applicable in all fields of inquiry about the physical, natural world. This definition is functionally equivalent to scientific naturalism. Scientism is more often used to mean the acceptance of scientific theory and scientific methods as applicable in all fields of inquiry about the world, including morality/ethics/art/religion/etc. Many people (and perhaps most scientists) argue that this definition, and the critiques that follow from it, are wrong-headed because (a) Science limits itself to inquiry about the physical, natural world;.
Medical Scientism - Medical Scientism This page has been listed on Wikipedia:Votes for deletion. Please see Talk:Medical Scientism/Delete for justifications and discussion. Medical Scientism is a pejorative expression used by some in the alternative medicine movement to describe scientific or evidence-based medicine, particularly the belief that all treatments should be subject to randomized clinical trials and double-blind, peer reviewed studies published in respectable journalss. Its implication is presumably that a non-science-based form of medical knowledge is both possible and preferable..
Knowledge - knowledge or a posteriori knowledge Procedural knowledge or Know-how: The term "know-how" refers to knowing how to perform some task. Distinguishing propositional knowledge from know-how Suppose that Fred says to you: "The fastest swimming stroke is the front crawl. One performs the front crawl by oscillating the legs at the hip, and moving the arms in an approximately circular motion". Here, Fred has propositional knowledge of swimming and how to perform the front crawl. However, if Fred acquired this propositional knowledge from an encyclopedia, he will not have acquired the skill of swimming: he has some propositional knowledge, but does not have any know-how. In general, one can demonstrate know-how by performing the task in question, but it is harder to demonstrate propositional knowledge. See also: belief, truth, epistemology, information Quote.
Ideology - people by broadcasting their opinions, which is the reason why so often many people in a society seem to "think alike". When most people in a society think alike about certain matters, or even forget that there are alternatives to the current state of affairs, we arrive at the concept of Hegemony, about which the philosopher Gramsci wrote. The much smaller-scale concept of groupthink also owes something to his work. Modern linguists study the mechanism of conceptual metaphor, by which this 'thinking alike' is thought to be transmitted. Science as ideology Even when there is a discipline of challenging beliefs, as in science, the dominant paradigm or mindset can prevent certain challenges, theories or experiments from being advanced. The philosophy of science mostly concerns itself with reducing the impact of these.
Ideological assumption - governance. A close-knit network of assumptions or axioms has been widely and internationally accepted in every science, as an inheritance from the previous centuries. It is frequently laden with its old racist or supremacist tone and prejudice, sometimes biases. These axioms are now the cornerstones of the modern social sciences that cannot be revised, double-checked or disturbed, at least not without major career risk. Many of the old cornerstones of the classic philosophers have been omitted and Darwinism has became the strongest pillar of the system. Atheism has got a similar strong mandate, that makes any idea written by a religious scholar suspicious, funny, and unpublishable since its first appearance. Scientism itself, the idea that moral guidance can somehow arise from better understanding of nature and deeper application of mathematics, is.
Health science - or M.D. refer to dominant conventional practices in the West. Health practices Conventional Western practices Medicine Dentistry Epidemiology Genetic counseling Medical physics Nursing Nutrition Occupational therapy Pharmacology Physical therapy Podiatry Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy Public health Physical education Surgery, including anaesthesiology Veterinary medicine Complementary and alternative medicine Alexander Technique Chiropractic medicine Homeopathy Hypnosis Life extension Naturopathic medicine Osteopathic medicine Spiritually-based healing Christian Science Faith healing Shamanism Johrei Folk medicine and related traditions Ayurveda Medical Herbalism Native American traditional healing Shamanism Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture Health practices of historical interest Magnet therapy Phrenonolgy Trepanation Blood letting Related topics Medical ethics Economics of medicine Health economics Medical informatics Publicly funded medicine Public health History of medicine Medical Scientism.
Green politics - and perhaps as naive. urban secession by major cities to permit them to shake off control of the suburbs and renew their economies in ways that they cannot do if they require the permission of their surrounding regions, e.g. to tax, ban cars in downtowns, or put money in mass transit instead of highways - this view is usually more associated with Libertarianism and extreme decentralization movements of both left and right. bioregional democracy reflecting ecological boundaries in politics directly - a scale which tends to be smaller than existing nation-states, and thus is a de facto secession movement, favored more by left than right in modern times, although historically the right wing was often defined by ethnic and tribal identities. Because it lacks clear identification with powerful interest groups, and.
Formal method for evaluating and quantifying ethicality and morality of human actions - Waring that actions which prepare for war have measurably higher economic values than those within family. A formal method could reconcile many points of view by excluding forensic or audit methods which passed morally-undesirable outcomes, e.g. war or genocide, or worse which valued them highly. It could not validate any one view a "true" but it could find a "best" or "best next step" for some given time horizon or limited list of models or choices to evaluate. Most proposals for moral purchasing employ some such process. Given a very large number of socially-shared semi-formal economically-committed methods, one might take a mean or other stochastic measure of ethical and moral acceptability to those participating, and thus produce very nearly a species-wide informal method that would have as much reliability as one.
Epistemology - Constructivists further believe reality only consists of our (individual, subjective) concepts, whereas Intrinsicists believe there is a universal truth, and we just can’t see it, but agree that reality is conceptual, not concrete. Solipsists are extreme Constructivists, and near Nihilists, stating that they cannot know anyone else is real. Nominalists believe that our words and concepts are our way of simplifying our reality because we cannot observe, let alone digest, the totality of the overall, ‘true’ reality; e.g., search google for “Nietzsche WP 521,” then search WPUNJ.edu for “WP 521”; ‘Perspectivism’ is also exhibited on the page; note that the “pencil” example acknowledges a possibility of common reality, whereas Constructivists would not. Conventionalists believe truth is determined by whatever the local, current social conventions are (whereas logicians call this an “ad.
A Tale of a Tub - then as the sort of "mob rule" that led to the worst abuses of the Interregnum.) The cultural stakes were high, and Swift's satire was intended to provide a genuine service by painting the portrait of conspiracy minded and injudicious writers. At that time in England, politics, religion and education were unified in a way that they are not now. The monarch was the head of the state church. Each school (secondary and university) had a political tradition. (Officially, there was no such thing as "Whig and Tory" at the time, but the labels are useful and were certainly employed by writers themselves.) The two major parties were associated with religious and economic groups. The implications of this unification of politics, class, and religion are important. Although it is somewhat extreme.
Technological escalation - where science and technology began to be seen as the only way to approach natural law, subordinating views of mastery by social, moral, spiritual or other means. It was perhaps apparent that due to superior firepower and the ability to support larger numbers of people due to intensive agriculture which in turn relied on technological support (such as the iron plow and horse or ox yoke), the colonists were triumphing over people in many ways morally, socially and spiritually superior. The doctrines of social evolution and scientism became more common at this time, in the form of a belief in the inevitability of the triumph of better arms and better tools - which made "better people" in the self-serving view of those with such views. Through the 19th century, there were.
Critical theory - politically controversial than "Marxism", nevertheless there were substantial substantive reasons for this choice. First, they were explicitly linking up with the "critical philosophy" of Immanuel Kant, where the term "critique" meant philosophical reflection on the limits of claims made for certain kinds of knowledge and a direct connection between such critique and the emphasis on moral autonomy. In an intellectual context defined by dogmatic positivism and scientism on the one hand and dogmatic "scientific socialism" on the other, critical theory meant to rehabilitate through such a philosophically critical approach an orientation toward revolutionary agency, or at least its possibility, at a time when it seemed in decline. Second, in the context of both Marxist-Leninist and Social-Democratic orthodoxy, which emphasized Marxism as a new kind of positive science, they were linking up.
Susan Haack - cited in such general interest publications as the Times Literary Supplement, as well as many more specialized academic journals. Among the books she has written are Deviant Logic (1974), Philosophy of Logics (1978), Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate: Unfashionable Essays (1998), and Defending Science - Within Reason Between Scientism and Cynicism (October 2003) ISBN 159102117. Many acclaim her skill as a writer and speaker as highly as her philsophical insights. She compared the practice of science to solving a crossword puzzle and wrote a play "'We Pragmatists ...': Peirce and Rorty in Conversation" comprised entirely of quotes from both philosophers and performed the role of Peirce. She has written for the Secular Humanist magazine Free Inquiry. Haack is an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi, a past.
Religion - one Deity. They often involve doctrines and also often have a professional priesthood. Examples of monotheisms include: Judaism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. Polytheistic religions involve many deities. Usually, each deity is considered a separate entity (as opposed, for instance, to Christianity which considers the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one). Polytheistic religions often flourish in less centralized societies, where each individual can adapt a portion of the religion as their own. This kind of religions gives more freedom to the practitioners who often hold to little dogma. Examples of polytheisms include: the mythologies of ancient Greece and Egypt, and modern Pagan and Neopagan religions such as Wicca or Asatru. Shamanistic religions are a broad category of religions based around worship of ancestors or spirits rather than "Gods.".
Research - meaning is “to investigate thoroughly”. Generally, one can distinguish between basic research and applied research. See also: science, research rapture, empirical research, truth, philosophy of science, operations research, Medical Scientism, marketing research, social research, agricultural research, psychological research methods, statistics.
Philosophy of mathematics - mathematics was constructed by the brain in order to be effective in this universe. The most accessible, famous, and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez. (Since this book was first published in the year 2000, it may still be one of the only treatments of this perspective.) For more on the science that inspired this perspective, see cognitive science of mathematics. Social Constructivism or Social Realism This theory sees mathematics primarily as a social construct, as a product of culture, subject to correction and change. Like the other sciences, mathematics is viewed as an empirical endeavor whose results are constantly compared to reality and may be discarded if they don't agree with observation or prove pointless. The direction of mathematical.
Productivism - perhaps the purpose of life itself. It is a corollary to the related ideas of consumerism - which critics say promotes waste - and scientism - acceptance of certain measures or models of reality that are divorced from human experience, as being more 'real' than the experience itself. It is a pejorative term that is rarely acceptable to the individuals or ideologies it is purported to describe, although these same individuals and ideologies very often use phrases like "productivity", "growth", "economic sense" and "common sense" as if there was no argument against these concepts. Alan Greenspan and G. W. Bush have been criticized for productivism, although it is difficult to find any ruler or central banker in the modern world who has not been accused of favoring measurable growth factors over.
Progress (philosophy) - philosophy as well as the history of science? The waxing and waning of philosophical traditions seems to be far less decisive and far more cyclical; if this doesn't cast doubt on the notion of philosophical progress simpliciter, it does at least tend to suggest that lasting progress may be an illusory goal. Similarly, although the works pointed to by optimists have had remarkable impacts in setting research programmes, it's far from clear that the specialized inquiry they inspired plays quite the same role that "normal science" plays in Kuhn's understanding of scientific progress. J. G. Fichte and Arthur Schopenhauer, for example, are sharply differing writers who focused on questions raised by Kant; but Schopenhauer's doctrine of the will or Fichte's dialectical spin on transcendental idealism could hardly be seen as examples.
Ontological distinction - Philosophy in general views such figures mostly as ethicists. Another issue is that theology tends to see ontological distinctions regarding ethics as the most fundamental, whereas philosophy is more prone to see epistemology as prior to ethics. This may be the most crucial difference. It was often observed, e.g. by George Berkeley, that Roman Catholic thought put theology as the science of sciences whereas Anglican and other Protestant sects put philosophy there. This is itself a fundamental ontological distinction, that of how one makes such distinctions. Some movements are devoted to challenging prevailing distinctions and social enforcements of them, even to the ontological level. Robert Anton Wilson reports that "the Dadaists, in total rebellion against the insanity of war and the general insanity of everything else, held poetry readings at which.
Magic (paranormal) - devils falsely related against the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon disbelieved not; but the devils disbelieved, teaching mankind magic and that which was revealed to the two angels in Babel, Harut and Marut. Nor did they (the two angels) teach it to anyone till they had said: We are only a temptation, therefore disbelieve not (in the guidance of Allah). And from these two (angels) people learn that by which they cause division between man and wife; but they injure thereby no-one save by Allah's leave. And they learn that which harmeth them and profiteth them not. And surely they do know that he who trafficketh therein will have no (happy) portion in the Hereafter; and surely evil is the price for which they sell their souls, if they but knew. (al-Qur'an.
