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Fairchild Semiconductor - Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor was a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, formed in 1957, that introduced the first commercially available integrated circuit (although at almost the same time as one from Texas Instruments) and would go on to become one of the major players in the evolution of Silicon Valley in the 1960s. In the 1970s Fairchild increasingly turned to "high end" customers, and thereby lost out in the developing microprocessor market. By the late 1980s they were a shell of their former selves, and now exists in name only for a fab on the US east coast. History In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Palo Alto; his plan was to introduce a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and.
William Shockley - William Shockley William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 - August 12, 1989) was a physicist and co-inventor of the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Born in London, England, to American parents, he was a descendant, on his father's side, of the American Mayflower pilgrims, John Alden and Priscilla Mullins, and his father was an alumnus of MIT. Raised in California, he received his Bachelor of Science degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and his doctorate from MIT in 1936. After receiving his doctorate, he immediately joined a research group headed by Dr. C.J. Davisson at Bell Labs in New Jersey, and began moving up the management ladder. In the mid 1940's, Shockley's group, consisting of Bardeen and Brattain, sought a solid-state.
Eugene Kleiner - New York University. After briefly teaching engineering, he joined Western Electric, the manufacturing arm of AT&T. In 1947, he married the former Rose Wassertheil (d. 2001), a Polish emigré. They had two children, Robert and Lisa. In 1956, he was among the first to accept an offer from William Shockley to come to California to help form what became Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. In 1957, he and seven colleagues (the "Fairchild Eight", whom Shockley dubbed the "Traitorous Eight") left to found Fairchild Semiconductor, which most historians mark as the first major spin-off of what later was called Silicon Valley. According to fellow VC Arthur Rock, Kleiner led the Eight, obtaining a $1.5 million investment from Sherman Fairchild and taking over the new firm's administrative duties. Kleiner later invested his own money in.
Traitorous Eight - The traitorous eight are eight men who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to form Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957. This derogatory term was used by William Shockley, director of Shockley Labs, but others referred to them as the "Fairchild Eight" or the "Fairchildren." The eight were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts..
Fused quartz - mechanical and thermal properties are superior to that of glass, priciply due to the purity (or, rather, the lack of impurities). For these reasons, it finds use in situations such as semiconductor fabrication and laboratory equiptment. See also: quartz, list of minerals Properties of Clear Fused Quartz (Based on information in Fused Quartz Catalogue Q-7A, General Electric Company) Density: 2.203 g/cm3 Hardness: 7 (Modified Scale); 5.3-6.5 (Mohs Scale) Tensile strength: 48.3 MPa Compressive strength: >1.1 GPa Bulk modulus: ~37 GPa Rigidity modulus: 31 GPa Young's modulus: 71.7 GPa Poisson's ratio: 0.16 Coefficient of thermal expansion: 5.5E-7 cm/(cm*K) (average from 20°C to 320°C) Thermal conductivity: 1.3 W/(m×K) Heat capacity: 45.3 J/mol Softening point: ~1665°C Annealing point: ~1140°C Strain point: 1070°C Electrical resistivity: >1018 Ω×m Dielectric constant: 3.75 at 20°C 1 MHz Dielectric.
Diode - diode was invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, scientific adviser to the Marconi company, based on an observation by Thomas Edison. Like light bulbs, vacuum tube diodes have a filament through which current is passed, heating the filament. In its heated state it can now emit electrons into the vacuum. These electrons are electrostatically drawn to a positively charged outer metal plate called the anode, or just the "plate". Electrons do not flow from the plate back toward the filament, even if the charge on the plate is made negative, because the plate is not heated. Although vacuum tube diodes are still used for a few specialized applications, most modern diodes are based on semiconductors. A semiconductor diode consist of an n-doped region adjacent to a p-doped region, creating a.
Albuquerque, New Mexico - slang term for the city: Burque. Geography Albuquerque is located at 35°6'39" North, 106°36'36" West (35.110703, -106.609991)1. A mountain range which includes Sandia Peak overlooks the city from the eastern side. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 469.5 km² (181.3 mi²). 467.9 km² (180.6 mi²) of it is land and 1.7 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.35% water. Culture and Technology A distinctive architecture which celebrates the Pueblo tradition lines the streets of the city. Thus, even modern buildings are sand-colored with rounded corners and edges. Even near the center of town, rural characteristics such as the sounds of roosters crowing, still greet the inhabitants. Contributing to the populace are multiple institutions such as Sandia National Laboratory,.
Amorphous silicon - used in pocket calculators have been made with a-Si for many years. a-Si can also be deposited at very low temperatures, as low as 75 degrees Celsius, which allows for deposition on not only glass, but plastic as well. Amorphous silicon is receiving much more attention at the present time because of the potential for roll-to-roll processing, whereby circuits are literally printed onto long sheets of plastic or metal foils. This processing technique is expected to be much cheaper than modern crystalline semiconductor manufacturing. Crystalline silicon generally has better electrical properties than amorphous silicon, but in recent years researchers in the field have been able to close the gap somewhat. See also Nanocrystalline silicon Polycrystalline silicon External Links Amorphous Silicon Devices group at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada European network.
Test - experiment. But, if the raw expectation is made explicit, then it can become material for a hypothetical explanation of the subject under study. A test differs from a measurement, which is a comparison to a standard (--William Shockley). In manufacturing, quality assurance testing is a procedure designed to test the functionality of the product under potentially harmful conditions. This product is frequently called the unit under test, or UUT. In semiconductor IC final testing, the semiconductor device is frequently referred to as the device under test or DUT. (Every memory chip in the computer you are using to read this Wikipedia has been tested at least twice by very expensive testing equipment and testing programs. ) In education, a test is a tool or technique intended to measure students' performance, knowledge.
Timeline of invention - Aerosol spray: Rotheim 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rust 1928: sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohwedder 1928: Radio beacon: Donovan (?) 1928: Electric dry shaver: Jacob Schick 1929: Electroencephelograph (EEG): Hans Berger 1929: Antibiotics 1930s 1930: Neoprene: Wallace Carothers 1930: Nylon: Wallace Carothers 1931: the Radio telescope: Karl Jansky Grote Reber 1932: Polaroid glass: Edwin H. Land 1935: microwave radar: Robert Watson-Watt 1935: Spectrophotometer: Arthur C. Hardy 1935: Casein fiber: Earl Whittier Stephen 1935: Hammond Organ: Laurens Hammond 1937: Jet engine: Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain 1938: Fiberglass: Games Slayter John H. Thomas 1939: FM radio: Edwin H. Armstrong 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorsky 1940s 1942: Bazooka Rocket Gun: L. A. Skinner C. N. Hickman 1944: Electron spectrometer: Deutsch Elliot Evans 1944: the digital computer 1945: Nuclear weapons (but note: chain reaction theory:.
Timeline of computing 500 BC-1949 - January At Bell Labs, Samuel Williams and Stibitz complete a calculator which can operate on complex numbers, and give it the imaginative name of the "Complex Number Calculator"; it is later known as the "Model I Relay Calculator". It uses telephone switching parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switches. Numbers are represented in "plus 3 BCD"; that is, for each decimal digit, 0 is represented by binary 0011, 1 by 0100, and so on up to 1100 for 9; this scheme requires fewer relays than straight BCD. Rather than requiring users to come to the machine to use it, the calculator is provided with three remote keyboards, at various places in the building, in the form of teletypes. Only one can be used at a time, and the output.
Transistor - Transistor The transistor is a solid-state semiconductor device used for amplification and switching, and has three terminals: a small current or voltage applied to one terminal controls the current through the other two. It is the key component in all modern electronics. In digital circuits, transistors are used as very fast electrical switches, and arrangements of transistors can function as logic gates, RAM-type memory and other devices. In analog circuits, transistors are essentially used as amplifiers. Transistor was also the common name in the sixties for a transistor radio, a pocket-sized portable radio that utilized transistors (rather than vacuum tubes) as its active electronics. This is still one of the dictionary definitions of transistor. The transistor is considered by many to be one of the greatest discoveries or inventions in.
Science in America - left in a position of unchallenged scientific leadership. The public "loved" science, and the leadership was fond of funding it. By the mid-1950s the research facilities in the US were second to none, and scientists were drawn to the US for this reason alone. The changing pattern can be seen in the winners of the Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. During the first half-century of Nobel Prizes – from 1901 to 1950 – American winners were in a distinct minority in the science categories. Since 1950, Americans have won approximately half of the Nobel Prizes awarded in the sciences. American Applied Science During the 19th century, Britain, France, and Germany were at the forefront of new ideas in science and mathematics. But if the United States lagged behind in the.
Silicon Valley - the San Francisco Peninsula. It reaches approximately from Menlo Park, California down to San Jose, centered roughly on Sunnyvale. It was named "Silicon" for the high concentration of semiconductor and computer related industry in the area, and "Valley" for the Santa Clara Valley. The term may also be applied to surrounding areas on both sides of the bay into which many of these industries have expanded. For many years in the 1970s and 1980s it was also incorrectly called "Silicone Valley", mostly by journalists, before the name became commonplace in American culture. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Notable Companies 3 Universities 4 Cities 5 Wannabes 6 External Links History The location of the computer market in the valley was due largely to two men, William Shockley and Frederick Terman..
Ronald N. Bracewell - the Lewis M. Terman Professor of Electrical Engineering, Emeritus of the Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory at Stanford University. Ronald Newbold Bracewell was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1921, and educated at Sydney Boys High School. He graduated from the University of Sydney in 1941 with the B.Sc. degree in mathematics and physics, later receiving the degrees of B.E. (1943), and M.E. (1948) with first class honors. During World War II he designed and developed microwave radar equipment in the Radiophysics Laboratory of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Sydney under the direction of J.L. Pawsey and E.G. Bowen and from 1946 to 1949 was a research student at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, engaged in ionospheric research in the Cavendish Laboratory, where he received his Ph.D. degree in physics under.
Nobel Prize in Physics - of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" 1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" 1940s 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1943 Otto Stern "for his contribution to the development of the molecular.
Laser - short pulses of light, on the order of a femtosecond (10-15 seconds). Laser light can be highly intense — able to cut steel and other metals. The beam emitted by a laser often has a very small divergence (i.e. it is highly collimated). The beam will eventually spread due to the effect of diffraction but much less so than a beam of light generated by other means. A beam generated by a small laboratory laser such as a helium-neon (HeNe) laser spreads to approximately 1 mile in diameter if shone from the Earth's surface to the Moon. A laser can also function as an optical amplifier when seeded with light from another source. The amplified signal can be very similar to the input signal in terms wavelength, phase and polarisation; this.
List of physics topics R-Z - Schrödinger's cat Schrödinger, Erwin Schwartz, Melvin Schwarzschild, Karl Schwarzschild metric Schwarzschild radius Schwinger, Julian Science Science (journal) Scientific method Scientific journal Scientific paper Scientific revolution Screened Coulomb potential Second Superstring Revolution Segrè, Emilio Gino Self-adjoint operator Semiconductor Semiconductor device fabrication Separability Separable Shape of the universe Shock wave Shockley, William Bradford Shull, Clifford G SI base unit SI derived unit SI prefix Siegbahn, Kai M Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Simple harmonic motion Simultaneity Sine wave Singular-value decomposition Slope Snell's law Snell, Willebrord SO(3) Solar cell Solar neutrino problem Solar power Solid Solid state Solid state physics Soliton Sommerfeld, Arnold Sound Space Space group Space-time Spacetime Special linear group Special relativity Specific gravity Spectral line Spectroscope Spectroscopy Electromagnetic spectrum Optical spectrum Spectrum of a matrix Spectrum of an operator Speed Speed of.
Knowledge Systems Laboratory - Knowledge Systems Laboratory Knowledge Systems Laboratory(KSL) is an artificial intelligence research laboratory within the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University. Current work focuses on knowledge representation for sharable engineering knowledge bases and systems, computational environments for modelling physical devices, architectures for adaptive intelligent systems, and expert systems for science and engineering. This article (or an earlier version of it) contains material from FOLDOC, used with permission..
