Shot noise - Shot noise Shot noise refers to the random fluctuations of the electric current in an electrical conductor, which are caused by the fact that the current is carried by discrete charges (electrons). The strength of this noise increases for growing magnitude of the average current flowing through the conductor. Shot noise is to be distinguished from current fluctuations in equilibrium, which happen without any applied voltage and without any average current flowing. These equilibrium current fluctuations are known as Johnson-Nyquist noise. Shot noise is important in electronics, telecommunication, and for fundamental physics. The strength of the current fluctuations can be expressed by giving the variance of the current, <(I-)>2, where is the average ("macroscopic") current. However, the value measured in this way depends on the.
Johnson-Nyquist noise - Johnson-Nyquist noise Johnson-Nyquist noise (sometimes only "Nyquist noise") is the equilibrium fluctuations of the electric current inside an electrical conductor, which happen without any applied voltage, due to the random thermal motion of the charge carriers (the electrons). It is to be distinguished from Shot noise, which describes the additional current fluctuations that occur when a voltage is applied and a macroscopic current starts to flow. The strength of Nyquist noise is related to the temperature and the resistance of the conductor. See: Harry Nyquist, J. Johnson J. Johnson, "Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors", Phys. Rev. 32, 97 (1928) -- the experiment H. Nyquist, "Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors", Phys. Rev. 32, 110 (1928) -- the theory.
Noise (physics) - Noise (physics) In science, and especially in physics and telecommunication, noise is random fluctuations and the addition of external factors to the stream of target information (signal) being received at a detector. More specifically, in physics, the term noise has the following meanings: 1. An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of interest; the summation of unwanted or disturbing energy introduced into a communications system from man-made and natural sources. 2. A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort the information carried by the signal. 3. Random variations of one or more characteristics of any entity such as voltage, current, or data. 4. A random signal of known statistical properties of amplitude, distribution, and spectral density. 5. Loosely, any disturbance tending to interfere with.
John Gotti - in the Gambino family. His group, however, was caught selling drugs, against the rules of the family, and was about to be disbanded. To prevent this, Gotti and others organized the shooting the Gambino family boss, Paul Castellano, in 1985. Castellano was shot six times outside a steakhouse in Manhattan and Gotti took control of the family. Following his ascension to the position of Gambino family godfather, Gotti became known as "The Dapper Don", appearing in public in expensive hand-tailored suits and reveling in media attention. Gotti was extremely popular in his Queens neighborhood, where he organized free lavish street parties and festivals, and had a reputation for keeping street crime out. John Gotti was arrested several times throughout his career, becoming known as the "Teflon Don" in the media as.
John F. Kennedy assassination - travelled through nearly the entirety of downtown Dallas without incident. A short distance from the Trade Mart, the procession needed to travel through Dealey Plaza, and past the Texas School Book Depository. At 12:30 PM, with the presidential limo travelling an average of 11.2 miles per hour through the plaza, at least two shots are known to have struck the occupants of the car. The Warren commission believed three were fired, all by Lee Harvey Oswald from the Depository. Two of them hit, one missed the car and its occupants. The first bullet that hit, called the 'magic bullet' by critics of the Warren report, was believed to have struck Kennedy in the back to exit at his throat, then to bounce to hit Governor Connally in the back and wrist..
History of Ottoman Egypt - he bombarded Bulak, and proceeded to bombard Cairo itself, which was taken the following night. Order was soon restored, and a fine of twelve million francs imposed on the rioters. Murgd Bey sought an interview with Klber and succeeded in obtaining from him the government of Upper Egypt. He died shortly afterwards and was succeeded by Osman Bey al-Bardisi. On June 14 Klber was assassinated by a fanatic named Suleiman of Aleppo, said to have been incited to the deed by a Janissary refugee at Jerusalem, who had brought letters to the sheiks of the Azhar, who, however, refused to give him any encouragement. Three of these, nevertheless, were executed by the French as accessories before the fact, and the assassin himself was impaled, after torture, in spite of a promise.
Hunt the Wumpus - deduced from hints in the descriptions which chamber the Wumpus was in without entering it, he would fire a single arrow into the Wumpus' chamber to slay it. However, firing the arrow into the wrong chamber would make a loud enough noise to attract the Wumpus, which would devour the player. Thus, the player would only get one shot to kill the beast. Hunt the Wumpus was the first game written for a microprocessor. Originally written by Gregory Yob in BASIC, and noticed on mainframes at least by 1972, it was first published in the magazine "People's Computer Company" in 1973, again in 1975 in "Creative Computing", and finally in 1980 in the book "Basic Computer Games". Building on several "grid" based games of the "Battleship" variety, Yob injected adversarial humor.
Glossary of telecommunications transmission terms - see the Federal Standard article for copyright-related issues, as not all parts of the source document are in the public domain. Noise ambient noise level -- antenna noise temperature -- atmospheric noise -- background noise -- blue noise -- carrier noise level -- carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) -- carrier-to-receiver noise density (C/kT) -- channel noise level -- circuit noise level -- closed-loop noise bandwidth -- C-message weighting -- cosmic noise -- effective input noise temperature -- equipment intermodulation noise -- equivalent noise resistance -- equivalent noise temperature -- equivalent pulse code modulation noise (PCM) -- equivalent satellite link noise temperature -- feeder echo noise -- flat weighting -- FM improvement factor -- FM improvement threshold -- front-end noise temperature -- HA1-receiver weighting -- idle-channel noise -- impulse noise -- in-band noise power.
Gollum - of Middle-earth. Originally known as Sméagol he was later named Gollum after the curious noise he made in his throat. His birth can be estimated to have happened c. the year 2440 of the Third Age. His death date is given as March 25, 3019 of the Third Age. When he died he was about 580 years old, a remarkable age for a Hobbit. Story Once a Stoorish Hobbit, Sméagol was described as having spent the early years of his life living with his extended family under a Matriarch, his own grandmother. In the year 2463 of the Third Age, Sméagol became the fourth Master of the One Ring, after Sauron, Isildur, and Déagol. Déagol was his cousin, and on Sméagol's birthday they went diving in the Gladden Fields north of.
Football chant - of their time shouting at the players, opposing spectators, the referee, or just the world in general. They are intended to encourage the supporters' team, insult the opposition, or just make a noise. The chants themselves can vary enormously, from the simple and repetitive to the insulting to the inventive to the traditional. The simplest chant is just the name of the team shouted over and over again, often with clapping in the gap; e.g. "Oxford" (clap clap clap); "Oxford" (clap clap clap). Chants being nothing if not competitive, opposing supporters may respond by shouting an insulting word in the gap. The next simplest chant, used when your team is ahead, is just the score repeated, e.g. "two nil; two nil", sung to a tune approximating 'Amazing Grace'. Chants can also.
Electronic amplifier - this by taking power from a power supply and shaping the output to match the input signal. This process invariably introduces some noise and distortion into the signal, and the process cannot be 100% efficient - amplifiers will always produce some waste heat. An idealised amplifer can be said to be "a piece of wire with gain", the output is an exact replica of the input, only larger. Different designs of amplifier are used for different types of applications and signals. We can broadly divide amplifiers into three categories - small signal amplifiers, low frequency power amplifiers and RF power amplifiers. Each of these calls for a slightly different design approach, mainly because of the physical limitations of the components used to implement the amplifier, and the efficiencies that can be.
USS Wahoo (SS-238) - postwar Japanese shipping records only credited Wahoo with three sinkings for this date: the transport, Buyo Maru, 5300 tons; Fukuei Maru, 2000 tons; and an unknown maru, 4000 tons. On 27 January 1943, Wahoo made contact with a convoy of eight ships, including two freighters and a tanker. However, efforts to gain a position were foiled by a persistent destroyer escort who dropped six depth charges. The submarine had no option but to retreat since she had previously expended all torpedoes. The next day, Wahoo sighted Fais Island, and her plan to shell a phosphorite refinery was scrapped due to the untimely appearance of an inter-island steamer. The submarine departed for Hawaii and arrived there on 7 February, 23 days after leaving Brisbane. For her entrance into Pearl Harbor, Wahoo had.
USS Tunny (SS-282) - Island. Later that day, as she patrolled off Alet Island, Tunny made radar contact with a ship dead ahead. Heading in for a flank attack, she sighted a Momo-class destroyer 1000 yards astern of her chosen target. Tunny fired three torpedoes from 960 yards and noted a hit in the forward hold of the Japanese cargo ship before diving to 300 feet to avoid the attention of the destroyer. Minutes later, a series of nine depth charges tumbled down in search of the submarine, but exploded at too shallow a depth to achieve their purpose. Some 15 minutes later, as Tunny started up to take a look, she was jolted by a deep-set depth charge which caught her at 260 feet, but caused only minor damage -- a small price to.
Dancer in the Dark - escape the misery of her daily life Selma accompanies Cvalda to the local cinema where together they watch fabulous Hollywood musicals (or more accurately, Selma listens as Cvalda describes them to her and acts out the dance steps upon Selma's hand using her fingers.) In her day-to-day life, when things are too unbearably upsetting, Selma actually slips into a trance-like state where she imagines the ordinary circumstances and individuals around her have erupted into elaborate musical theater numbers. These trances are usually triggered by some sort of real life noise (anything from factory machines buzzing to the sound of a flag rapping against a flag pole in the wind.) Unfortunately she slips into one such trance while working a machine at the factory, which she breaks. She is fired from her.
Dasaratha - is considered an avatar of Vishnu in the epic Ramayana. The legend of Dasaratha is an eventful one. It is said that Dasaratha during one of his hunting expeditions, heard a noise resembling an elephant's roar from a nearby waterhole, and shot in the direction with an arrow. He was famous for his ability to shoot an arrow just by hearing the noise. Much to his chagrin, he finds that he has instead shot a young boy called Sravana kumar who was collecting water to quench the thirst of his blind parents. Sravana used to carry his parents everywhere on two pans of a balance supported on his shoulders. They were completely dependent on the boy and Sravana was inconsolable at the thought that they will be left without anybody to.
Ampex - on motion picture film (at least in the U.S. - in Britain, the BBC and most of the ITV companies continued to use kinescoping alongside videotape until the late 1960s.) The Ampex broadcast video tape recorder also facilitated time-zone broadcast delay so that networks could air programming at the same hour in various time zones. One of the key engineers in the development of the quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. The first television program recorded on the new Ampex Quadruplex recording system was "CBS News with Douglas Edwards" in Oct 1956. Since the early 1950s, Bing Crosby and others tried to record video on very fast-moving magnetic tape. One semi-successful attempt was the BBC's.
Apollo 6 - SM-020 was destroyed in an tank explosion and Command Module Number 14 was dismantled as part of the investigation into the Apollo 1 fire. After two months of testing and repairs the rocket was moved to the pad on 6 February, 1968. Flight Launch Launch of Apollo 6 filmed from camera at top of launch tower Unlike the near perfect flight of Apollo 4, Apollo 6 experienced problems right from the start. Two minutes into the flight, the rocket experienced severe pogo like oscillations for about 30 seconds. George Mueller, , explained the cause to a congressional hearing: Pogo arises fundamentally because you have thrust fluctuations in the engines. Those are normal characteristics of engines. All engines have what you might call noise in their output because the combustion is not.
B-47 Stratojet - assemblies. These were really big drop tanks, with a capacity of 6,750 liters (1,780 gallons). The B-47B suffered a considerable gain in weight compared to the B-47A, and so as a weight-reduction measure the ejection seats were deleted, and a windbreak panel was fitted to the aircraft's main door to make escapes easier. Some sources also claim that a fatal ejection-seat accident in a B-47A contributed to this decision. Whatever the case, this was not a very popular measure with crews, as getting out of the aircraft even at altitude was troublesome. Bob Robbins recalled that George Martin, the B-47 program manager, showed him the letter from the Air Force ordering Boeing to remove the seats. Martin told Robbins: "Bob, put that letter in a safe place. The day is going.
Backward message - scoffs at the idea that hidden commands are recorded in rock music, and this idea has become an urban legend. The most famous alleged backward message in a rock and roll song is based on a lyric from the song Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin. When the words "...it makes me wonder" are played backwards, the resulting noise is a garbled phrase that some claim is actually the phrase "My sweet Satan." Advocates of the theory that Paul McCartney died in the 1960s claim that the hidden message "Paul Is Dead" is found by running the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band backwards. British heavy metal band Judas Priest, was sued over a 1985 suicide pact made by two Nevada schoolboys. One of the two youths survived, and the.
Baseketball - opposing team is permitted to perform distracting stunts in front of the player shooting at the baseketball hoop. In the film, some view these as rather ridiculous or juvenile, such as saying "Fucked your sister!" to the shooter, or drinking fat from a liposuction tube. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Rules of Baseketball 2 List of psych-outs from the movie (in order of performance) 2.1 External Links Rules of Baseketball List of psych-outs from the movie (in order of performance) Coop takes a sip of beer. His opponent shoots, and in the act of shooting Coop spits out his beer at him. The man misses the shot. Remer says to Ted "Fucked your sister", the ball bounces off the rim. Remer faces Ted's teammate with a quarter-watermelon wedge. The man shoots,.
