Stylistics (linguistics) - Stylistics (linguistics) Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Stylistics relates to the study of style used in literary, and verbal language and the effect the writer/speaker wishes to communicate to the reader/hearer. It attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as, socialization, the production and reception of meaning, the question of perspective, literary criticism, and critical discourse analysis..
Cognitive linguistics - Cognitive linguistics Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics and cognitive science, which aims to provide accounts of language that mesh well with current understandings of the human mind. The guiding principle behind this area of linguistics is that language use must be explained with reference to the underlying mental processes. Important cognitive linguists include George Lakoff, Eve Sweetser, Leonard Talmy, Ronald Langacker, Mark Johnson, Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier, Charles Fillmore, Adele Goldberg (linguist), and Chris Johnson. There are a number of hypotheses within cognitive linguistics that differ radically from those made in Generative linguistics. Some people in psychology and psycholinguistics who are testing these hypotheses are Michael Tomasello, Raymond Gibbs,.
Stylistics - Stylistics In linguistics, stylistics describes the structure of word forms. The Stylistics are one of the most well-known Philadelphia soul groups of the 1970s. This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix the link, so that it points to the appropriate page..
Morphology (linguistics) - Morphology (linguistics) Morphology as a subdiscipline of linguistics studies word structure. Words are at the interface between phonology, syntax and semantics (Spencer / Zwicky) Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics There are many current approaches to morphology. For expository purposes, this article will describe the phenomena in terms of fairly traditional one: treating words as combinations of discrete meaningful units (morphemes) put together by concatenation. A contemporary morphologist would call this a "morpheme-based" theory; alternatives are lexeme-based morphology and word-based morphology. The components of a word form are called morphemes. Word formation rules describe how to select morphemes from the lexicon and to combine them. Important concepts: Inflection Derivation Compounding (examples) At the basic level, words are.
Semantics - written) and is thus usually opposed to syntax, which refers to the formal way in which something is written. Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics 1. Semantics is a subfield of linguistics that is traditionally defined as the study of meaning. One area of study is the meaning of compounds, another is the study of relations between different linguistic expressions (homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, hypernymy, hyponymy). Semantics includes the study of thematic roles. Semantics deals with sense and reference, truth conditions and discourse analysis. Pragmatics is often considered a part of semantics. See also: semantic property, semantic class, semantic feature, semantic progression 2. "Semantics" is also used as a term in mathematics and computer science. See formal semantics of programming languages,.
Syntax - Syntax A subfield of linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules, or "patterned relations," that govern the way the words in a sentence come together. It concerns how different words which are categorized as nouns, adjectives, verbs etc. (goes back to Dionysios Trax) are combined into clauses which in turn combine into sentences. Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics In the framework of transformational-generative grammar, the structure of a sentence is represented by phrase structure trees, otherwise known as phrase markers or tree diagrams. Such trees provide three types of information about the sentences they represent: the linear order of the words in the sentence (though not in all theories of syntax) the groupings of words into.
Phonetics - Phonetics Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It is concerned with the actual nature of the sounds and their production, as opposed to phonology which operates at the level of sound systems and linguistic units called phonemes. Discussions of meaning do not enter at this level of linguistic analysis. The object of study of phonetics are called phones. Phones are actual speech sounds as uttered by human beings. Phonetics has three main branches: articulatory phonetics, concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, and other speech organs in producing speech; acoustic phonetics, concerned with the properties of the sound waves; and auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception. There are several hundred.
Phonology - Phonology is a subfield of grammar (see also linguistics). Whereas phonetics is about the nature of sounds (or phones) per se, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language. For example, /p/ and /b/ in English: due to minimal pairs such as "pin" and "bin", it is clear that /p/ and /b/ are distinctive units of sound in English, i.e. phonemes. Note that the principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of signed languages, with gestures and their relationships as the object of study. Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Phonemes and spelling 2 Doing a phoneme inventory 3 Generative phonology 4 Change of a phoneme inventory over time 5.
Pragmatics - Pragmatics Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics. It is the study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning. Context here must be interpreted as situation as it may include any imaginable extralinguistic factor. See also: Speech act, Presupposition, Entailment, Deixis External Link What is Pragmatics?.
Lexical semantics - Lexical semantics Fields and subfields within linguistics. phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexical semantics stylistics pragmatics Cognitive linguistics Lexical semantics is a field in Computer science and Linguistics which deals mainly with word meaning. It covers various theories of the structure of words, the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure between different languages, and the relationship of word meaning to sentence meaning and syntax. External Links http://grouchy.cs.indiana.edu/l/www/classes/c661/words.html.
List of linguistic topics - This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that are related to linguistics. This is so that those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Recent changes in the sidebar and on the bottom of the page.. The list is not necessary complete or up to date - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please do update the page accordingly. See also Linguistics basic topics for a pared-down list. List of linguists List of cognitive science topics. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A abbreviation - abessive case - ablaut - absolutive.
Hakka (linguistics) - Hakka (linguistics) Hakka (客家話 Hak-kâ-fa in Hakka) is a dialect of the Chinese language, mainly spoken by Hakka people. Hakka's Sounds: Labial Labdent Alv. Palatal Velar Glottal Stop1 p p^h t t^h k k^h Fricative2 f v s S h Affricate1 ts ts^h tS tS^h Semivowel w j Liquid l Nasal m n N a e i o u ai au eu iu oi.
History of linguistics - History of linguistics In Europe through the 19th century, linguistics centered on the comparative history of the Indo-European languages, with a concern for finding their common roots and tracing their development. Working from a biblical perspective some scholars believed that all human languages were descended from the language of Adam, a language called the Adamic language. Many of these scholars believed that the Hebrew language was, in fact, the same as the Adamic language. However, the existence of any such single ancestoral language on timescales indicated by a literal reading of the Bible is not consistent with modern linguistics. About 1880, scholars in the United States began to record the hundreds of native languages once found in North America. The concern with describing languages has spread throughout.
Historical linguistics - Historical linguistics Historical linguistics (or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax. Historical linguistics aims to classify the world's languages by their genetic affiliations and to trace the historic development of languages. Studies have been focused mostly in the area of Indo-European languages. Languages change over time. Eventually, they change so much that there is no similarity to the original. Estimates vary, but one plausible opinion is that if a group of Americans were sent to a distant galaxy, after 10,000 years they would be speaking a language that would be no more similar to English than to Chinese or Arabic. Historical linguists construct family trees, an idea pioneered by the 19th century.
Evolutionary linguistics - Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary linguistics is the scientific study of the history of the origins of language and its development - difficult, because language leaves only vicarious traces in the fossil record. As an early attempt to develop Evolutionary linguistics based on natural sciences - particularly with regard to biology - may be recognized the studies and Stammbaumtheorie of August Schleicher (1821-68). He first introduced in comparative linguistics a graphic representation of an evolutionary tree in articles published in 1853. Nevertheless, a worthwhile subject of study - too long ignored. (see also Evolutionary Psychology) However, there are various approaches to the study of evolutionary linguistics that do not depend on fossil record. One of them is the route taken by CSL/Paris, headed by prof. Luc Steels in collaboration.
Exponent (linguistics) - Exponent (linguistics) An exponent is a phonological manifestation of a morphosyntactic property. In non-technical language, it is the expression of one or more grammatical properties by sound. There are several kinds of exponents: identity affixation reduplication internal modification (please note these examples will use regular orthography rather than phonetic transcription due to the lack of IPA support in HTML) Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Identity 2 Affixation 3 Reduplication 4 Internal Modification Identity The identity exponent is both simple and common: it has no phonological manifestation at all. English Example: DEER + PLURAL ---> deer Affixation Affixation is the addition of a prefix, suffix, or infix to a word. English Example: WANT + PAST ---> wanted Reduplication Reduplication is the repetition of part of a word. Sanskrit.
Descriptive linguistics - Descriptive linguistics Descriptive Linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing the actual language spoken now, or in the past, by any group of people. Accurate description of real speech is a very difficult problem and linguists have often been reduced to very inaccurate approximations. Almost all linguistic theory had its origin in practical problems of descriptive linguistics. Phonetics (and its theoretical developments such as phonemes) has dealt with how to pronounce languages. Syntax has developed to describe what is going on once phonetics has reduced spoken language to a control level. Lexicography collects "words" and has not given rise to much theory. An extreme mentalist viewpoint appears to deny that the linguistic description of a language can be done by anyone but a competent speaker. Such.
Derivation (linguistics) - Derivation (linguistics) In linguistics, derivation is the process of creating new lexemes from other lexemes, for example by adding a derivational affix. Derivational affixes usually apply to words of one syntactic category and change them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow > slowly). Some examples of English derivational suffixes: A/N -ness (slow > slowness) A/V -ize (modern > modernize) N/A -al (recreation > recreational) N/V -fy (glory > glorify) V/A -able (drink > drinkable) V/N -ance (deliver > deliverance) Derivational affixes do not necessarily modify the syntactic category, they can also modify the meaning (c.f. the derivational prefix un- which applies to adjectives, healthy > unhealthy). In many cases, they change both (modernize, "to make.
Taiwanese (linguistics) - Taiwanese (linguistics) zh-tw:台語 See alternative meanings for other possible definitions. Taiwanese (Tâi-oân-oē or Hō-ló-oē; 台語 or 台灣話; Hanyu Pinyin: Táiyǔ or Táiwānhuà) is the home language for about 60% of the population of Taiwan. Native speakers of Taiwanese are known as Holo (Hō-ló) or Hoklo. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Classification 2 Phonetics 2.1 Consonants 2.2 Vowels 2.3 Tones 2.4 Syllabic structure 2.5 Tone sandhi 3 Vocabulary goán and lán">3.6 Special pronouns for "we": goán and lán 3.7 Common phrases 4 Grammar 4.8 Subject verb object (typical sequence) 4.9 Subject kā object verb 4.10 Object hō· subject verb (the passive voice) 4.11 Summary 5 Scripts and orthographies 5.12 The alphabet 5.13 Computing 5.13.1 Language code 5.13.2 Unicode (Universal character set) issues 6 Sociolinguistics 6.14 Regional variations 6.15.
Alternation (linguistics) - Alternation (linguistics) In linguistics, Alternation is when a set of morphosyntactic properties is phonologically expressed in two or more different ways in different words. For example: CAT + PLURAL → cat + s DOG + PLURAL → dog + z (I know that looks odd, but try it and see) -s and -z are alternate ways of expressing the English plural. We can formulate a simple rule for this as follows: If the last sound of a word is voiceless, pluralize it with -s. If the last sound of a word is voiced, pluralized it with -z. Because the rule for determining which alternate to use depends on the surrounding sounds, the s/z alternation is called a phonologically-conditioned alternation. What about words like 'oxen' and VAXen? The.
