GCC Abstract Syntax Tree - GCC Abstract Syntax Tree The GCC Abstract syntax tree is an intermediate representation used by the GCC compiler. The trees are built up by the GCC Language Front Ends. They provide a relatively high level description of the original source program. The GCC 'middle-end' performs some transformations on the trees, and then generates RTL from them. The tree representation of a program is more-or-less independent of the processor being targeted. However, the meaning of a tree is somewhat different for different language front-ends, and front-ends can provide their own tree codes. The tree is a C language union, a concept related to the set theoretic union of the various abstract syntax tree types that are subdivided by codes..
Abstract syntax - Abstract syntax Abstract syntax is a representation of data (typically either a message passing over a communications link or a computer program being compiled) which is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and also of the physical representation of the data (called "concrete syntax" in the case of compilation or "transfer syntax" in communications). A compiler's internal representation of a program will typically be specified by an abstract syntax in terms of categories such as "statement", "expression" and "identifier". This is independent of the source syntax (concrete syntax) of the language being compiled (though it will often be very similar). A parse tree is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it will typically also contain features such as parentheses which are syntactically significant but which are.
Abstract Syntax Notation 1 - Abstract Syntax Notation 1 In telecommunications and computer networking abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1) is a standard, flexible method that describes data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. It provides a set of formal rules for describing the structure of objects independent of machine-specific encoding techniques and is a precise, formal notation that removes ambiguities. ASN.1 is an ISO/ITU-T standard, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409 '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series. ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the transfer syntax (a concrete representation) of the data.
Abstract syntax tree - Abstract syntax tree Abstract syntax tree (AST) is a data structure representing something which has been parsed, often used as a compiler or interpreter's internal representation of a computer program while it is being optimized and from which code generation is performed. The range of all possible such structures is described by the abstract syntax. This article is based on material from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed..
Z shell - shell (ksh), but it also includes many features from the C shell (csh) as well. In effect, it attempts to combine the programmability and syntax of the Korn shell with useful features from the C shell, since the C shell has some serious drawbacks as a programming language. External Links Zsh Home page C Shell programming considered harmful (by Tom Christiansen).
Verb - marked in some of the world's languages. Caucasian languages not only mark verbs for ergativity, but also have ergative-absolutive noun case systems. Several languages spoken in Papua New Guinea mark verbs for transitivity, and some also mark verbs for ditransitivity. See also tense aspect Grammar Syntax Phrase structure rules Latin verbs in English.
Verilog - description language, used for the design of ASICs and FPGAs. Verilog has a syntax reminiscent of C, which helps explain its rapid take up among engineers who had already learnt to use that language. It is case-sensitive. It differs from C primarily in how the language represents literals and the ability to deal with time. The language (as do most hardware description languages have the ability to simulate parallel execution of multiple threads. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Standard Opened 1.3 Verilog 2001 1.4 Superlog/System Verilog 2 Example History Beginning Verilog was first developed at Gateway Design Automation around 1984 as a hardware modeling language. Gateway Design Automation was later purchased by Cadence Design Systems in 1990. Cadence now had full proprietary rights to Gateway's Verilog and.
Knowledge representation - is represented in the human mind, or how to manipulate human languages in the same way as the human mind. For this reason, various artificial languages and notations have been proposed for representing knowledge. They are typically based on logic and mathematics, and have an easily parsed grammar to ease machine processing. Recent fashion in knowledge representation languages is to use XML as the low-level syntax. This tends to make the output of these KR languages easy for machines to parse, at the expense of human readability. First-order predicate calculus is commonly used as a mathematical basis for these systems, to avoid excessive complexity. However, even simple systems based on this simple logic can be used to represent data which is well beyond the processing capability of current computer systems: see.
Verb phrase - and any number of adjuncts. Examples: saw the man through the window gave Mary a book See also: linguistics, syntax, X-bar theory.
JavaScript - the name LiveScript but then renamed to "JavaScript" and given a syntax closer to that of Sun Microsystems' Java language. JavaScript was later standardized by ECMA under the name ECMAScript. The current standard (as of December 1999) is ECMA-262 Edition 3, and corresponds to JavaScript 1.5. Microsoft calls their version JScript. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Java and JavaScript 2 Usage 3 Environment 4 Language elements 4.1 Variables 4.2 Data structures 4.3 Objects 4.4 Control structures 4.4.1 If ... else 4.4.2 While loop 4.4.3 Do ... while 4.4.4 For loop 4.4.5 For ... in loop 4.4.6 Switch expression 4.5 Functions 4.6 User interaction 4.7 Events 4.8 Error handling 5 Offspring 6.
Java Database Connectivity - " + rs.getObject(i) ); } } rs.close(); stmt.close(); Typically, however, it would be rare for a seasoned Java programmer to code in such a fashion. The usual practice would be to abstract the database logic into an entirely different class and to pass preprocessed strings (perhaps derived themselves from a further abstracted class) containing SQL statements and the connection to the required methods. An example of a PreparedStatement Query. Using conn and class from first example. try { Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); ResultSet rs; PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement( "SELECT i.*, j.* FROM Omega i, Zappa j WHERE i = ? AND j = ?" ); // In the prepared statement ps, the question mark denotes variable input, // which can be pass through a parameter list, for example. // The following.
JavaServer Pages - technology allows java code and certain pre-defined actions to be embedded into static content. The JSP syntax adds additional XML tags, called JSP actions, to be used to invoke built-in functionally. Additionally, the technology allows for the creation of JSP tag libraries that act as extensions to the standard HTML or XML tags. Tag libraries provide a platform independent way of extending the capabilities of a web server. JSPs are compiled into Servlets by a JSP compiler. A JSP compiler may generate a servlet in java code that is then compiled by the java compiler, or it may generate byte code for the servlet directly. In either case, it is helpful to understand how the JSP compiler transform the page into a Java servlet. For an example, see the following input,.
Japanese numerals - numerals except the difference in pronunciations. For large numbers, the numerals are often different, because of different number syntax..
Japanese language guide - (indirect object, "to", etc.), kara ("from"), made ("until") Pronouns Pronouns are rather different in their quantity and usage versus many western languages. For example, there are many different ways to express "I" in Japanese: "wareware", "watashi", "boku", "ore" are just four examples (the differences are in politeness and nuance). Natural-sounding Japanese tends to avoid the use of pronouns except when explicitly needed. This is often a point of confusion for beginners. Examples: watashi (I), watashitachi (we), anata (you), kare (him), kanojo (her), karera (they) Interjections waa (wow), are (Huh? Eh?) Basic Grammar The Japanese language is often confusing for westerners first learning it, since word order and syntax are often backwards. However, the following basic grammatical rules are almost always obeyed. A noun modifier such as an adjective, or modifying clause.
VHSIC Hardware Description Language - of the ASICs that supplier companies were including in equipment. That is to say, VHDL was developed as a alternative to huge, byzantine manuals which are subject to implimentation specific minutia. As should be obvious from the example code below, VHDL has a syntax similar to Pascal and Ada, thus being a descendant of Algol. VHDL is case insensitive. The idea of being able to simulate this behaviour was so obviously attractive that logic simulators were developed that could read the VHDL files. The next step was the development of logic synthesis tools that read the VHDL, and output a definition of the physical implementation of the circuit. Modern synthesis tools can extract RAM, counter, and arithmetic blocks out of the code, and implement them according to what user specifies. Thus,.
JCL - back from when punched cards were used to submit JCL for execution. If the cards were back to front in the reader the slashes wouldn't be read first [the sequence numbers would be] so the card deck could be rejected.) The basic syntax of JCL for z/OS hasn't changed since the 1960's, it is the same as JCL for OS/360. //BATCHJOB JOB ('12345'),MSGCLASS=H,MSGLEVEL=(1,1),NOTIFY=ME, // USER=ME,REGION=400K //STEP1 EXEC PGM=HELLO //STEPLIB DD DISP=SHR,DSN=MY.LOAD.LIBRARY //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* DOS/VSE also has a JCL language. Its syntax is entirely different, the only similarity is that cards have "//" in columns 1 and 2..
Vim - MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP, IBM OS/2 IBM OS/390, DEC/Digital/Compaq VMS BeOS, Mac OS, Mac OS X, Risc OS Amiga, Atari MiNT multi level undo/redo multiple modified buffers Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode split windows -- both horizontal and vertical syntax highlighting for hundreds of file types, even Wikipedia format trans-session history of commands/searches/registers/positions ... command-line editing and extensive completion IDE-like build/review/edit features session state preservation configurable status line insert-mode completion multi-mode text folding extended scripting and expressions scripted plugins remote file editing from ssh, ftp and http servers, among others visual mode selection with char/line/block ranges comprehensive integrated help system with hypertext via ctags.
John Backus - language to achieve widespread use, and the Backus-Naur form almost universally used to define language syntax. He received a Turing Award in 1977 for these two seminal achievements. Backus was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania but grew up in Wilmington, Delaware. He studied at the Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and was apparently not a diligent student. After entering the University of Virginia to study chemistry, and failing that, he then joined the US Army and began medical training, which he also dropped out of after nine months. After moving to New York City he initially took training as a radio technician and discovered an interest in mathematics. He graduated from Columbia University with a degree in the topic in 1949, and joined IBM in 1950. During his first three years, he.
Johan Nicolai Madvig - the National Liberal party. With these brief interruptions the greater part of his life was devoted to the study and teaching of Latin and the improvement of the classical schools, of which he was chief inspector. As a critic he was distinguished for learning and acumen. He devoted much attention to Cicero, and revolutionized the study of his philosophical writings by an edition of De Finibus (1839; 3rd ed., 1876). Perhaps his most widely known works are those on Latin grammar and Greek syntax, especially his Latin grammar for schools (Eng. trans. by G Woods). In 1874 his sight began to fail, and he was forced to give up much of his work. He still, however, continued to lecture, and in 1879 he was chosen rector for the sixth time. In.
John Ashbery - the critic John Bernard Myers categorized the common traits of Ashbery's avant-garde poetry, as well as that of Kenneth Koch, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest, and others, as constituting a "New York School." Ashbery's works are characterized by a free-flowing, often disjunctive syntax, extensive linguistic play, often infused with considerable humor, and a prosaic, sometimes disarmingly flat or parodic tone. The play of the human mind is the subject of a great many of his poems. Among his other collections are: The Tennis Court Oath Rivers and Mountains The Double Dream of Spring Three Poems Vermont Notebook Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award Houseboat Days As We Know "Shadow Train" A Wave (awarded the Lenore Marshall.
