Timeline of low temperature technology - Timeline of low temperature technology Timeline of low temperature technology 1877 - Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet liquefy oxygen 1883 - Z.F. Wroblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen 1892 - James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask 1908 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes liquefies helium 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovery superconductivity 1926 - Willem Hendrik Keesom solidifies helium.
Coldest temperature achieved on earth - Coldest temperature achieved on earth Antarctica is the coldest place on earth. The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was -89.4 C (-129F) recorded in 1983 at the Russian Base Vostok in Antarctica. This is still greater than the minimum temperatures achieved in cryogenic labs. In 1904 Dutch scientist Kamerlingh Onnes created a special lab in Leiden to get to lower temperatures than anyone had done before. In 1908 he managed to lower the temperature to less than one degree above the absolute minimum, which is 273 degrees below the freezing point of water. Only in this exceptional cold will helium turn into a liquid (at -269 C). Onnes achieved this feat first. He received a Nobel prize for his efforts. Modern experimenters achieve temperatures measured in.
Timeline of invention - Timeline of invention This is a list of inventions, listed in chronological order. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Significant inventions not assigned 2 Significant inventions, arranged in chronological order 2.1 8th millennium BC 2.2 7th millennium BC 2.3 4th millennium BC 2.3.1 33rd century BC 2.3.2 31st century BC 2.4 3rd millennium BC 2.4.3 27th century BC 2.5 23rd century BC 2.6 22nd century BC 2.7 21st century BC 2.8 19th century BC 2.9 18th century BC 2.10 16th century BC 2.11 15th century BC 2.12 10th century BC 2.13 7th century BC 2.14 460s BC 2.15 410s BC 2.16 400s BC 2.17 350s BC 2.18 220s BC 2.19 150s BC 2.20 100s BC 2.21 1-99 2.22 100-199 2.23 200-299 2.24 300-399 2.25 400-499 2.26 500-599.
Exploration of Mars - of Mars probes. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Questions to explore 2 Early flyby probes and orbiters 2.1 Early Soviet missions 2.2 Mariner program 3 Landers and later missions 3.3 Mars probe program 3.4 Viking program 3.5 Phobos program 3.6 Mars Global Surveyor 3.7 Mars Pathfinder 3.8 Spate of failures 3.9 Mars Odyssey 3.10 Mars Express 3.11 Mars Exploration Rovers 4 Manned missions 5 Timeline of Mars exploration 5.12 1960s 5.13 1970s 5.14 1980s 5.15 1990s 5.16 2000s 5.17 Scheduled/Planned Questions to explore Mars with polar ice caps visible. Mars has long been the subject of human fascination. Early telescopic observations revealed dry channels and depressions, possible evidence for running water or oceans in Mars' distant past. Polar ice caps, Olympus Mons, the solar system's tallest mountain, and Valles Marineris, the.
August 2003 - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for August, 2003. See also: Afghanistan timeline August 2003 California recall Dodgy Dossier Columbia investigation EU enlargement Hong Kong Basic Law Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Occupation of Iraq: Timeline Road map for peace Same-sex marriage SARS: Timeline SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit US v. EU on GM food US-Canada blackout War on Terrorism August 31, 2003 Tens of thousands of people turn out in Baghdad for the funeral procession of the murdered Shia Muslim leader Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim. [1] The Iraqi police handling the investigation say they have arrested 19 men in connection with the blast, many of them foreigners and all.
September 2003 - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for September, 2003. See Also: U.S. Presidential Election Iraq timeline Afghanistan timeline September 2003 California recall Hutton Inquiry Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Road map for peace Same-sex marriage'' SCO vs IBM War on Terrorism September 30, 2003 Air France and KLM are completing their merger. Alitalia could be a part of the new big airline. [1] EU Agriculture Commissioner, Franz Fischler urged EU ministers to lift the ban on GMO food, as the EU risks facing legal challenges by the US and other countries at the World Trade Organization. [1] Russia stalls on signing the Kyoto Protocol, the international treaty to reduce global warming. Kyoto Protocol.
List of astronomical topics - -- Aztec calendar B Baade, Walter -- Babylonian and Assyrian religion -- Babylonian literature and science -- Background (astronomy) -- Background radiation -- Bacon, Roger -- Bahai calendar -- Bahcall, John -- Bainbridge, John -- Balthasar Behem Codex -- Barycenter -- Banneker, Benjamin -- Barnard's star -- Barnard, Edward Emerson -- Barsoom -- Baryon -- Baryonic matter -- Bayer designation -- Bayer, Johann -- Be star -- Be X-ray binaries -- Becrux -- Bedford Catalogue -- Bekenstein, Jacob -- Bell, Jocelyn -- Bellatrix -- Belinda -- Benetnash -- BeppoSAX -- Berlin Observatory -- Bernoulli, Jakob -- Bernoulli, Johann -- Bessel, Friedrich -- Beta Centauri -- Beta Pictoris -- Betelgeuse -- Beyond the standard Big Bang model -- Bianca -- Big Bang -- Big bang nucleosynthesis -- Big Bear Solar Observatory --.
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology - Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology 1592 - Galileo Galilei builds a crude thermometer using the contraction of air to draw water up a tube 1612 - Santorre Santorio puts thermometer to medical use 1643 - Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer 1714 - Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the mercury in glass thermometer 1821 - T.J. Seebeck invents the thermocouple 1864 - Henri Becquerel suggests an optical pyrometer 1885 - Calender-Van Duesen invented the platinum resistance temperature device 1892 - Henri-Louis Le Châtelier builds the first optical pyrometer See also List of timelines..
Timeline of materials technology - Timeline of materials technology Timeline of materials technology 3rd millennium BC - Copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation 2nd millennium BC - Bronze is used for weapons and armor 1st millennium BC - Pewter beginning to be used in China and Egypt 16th century BC - The Hittites develop crude iron metallurgy 13th century BC - Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly 10th century BC - Glass production begins in Greece and Syria 50s BC - Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia 20s BC - Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete. 700s - Porcelain is invented in China 1450s - Crystallo, a clear soda-based glass is invented by Angelo Barovier 1590 - Glass lenses are developed.
Timeline of lighting technology - Timeline of lighting technology Timeline of lighting technology circa 3000 BC Candles are invented. ??? BC oil lamps 1840 first kerosene lamps (oil lamps that burn fuel from petroleum) 1853 Ignacy Lukasiewicz invents petrol lamp 1792 William Murdoch lights his house and office by means of gas. c. 1802 Humphry Davy demonstrates arc-lighting. 1815 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp. 1835 James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a light bulb based electric lighting system to the citizens of Dundee. 1841 Arc-lighting used as experimental public lighting in Paris 1867 A. E. Becquerel demonstrates the first fluorescent lamp 1875 Henry Woodward patents the electric light bulb. 1876 Paul Jablochkoff invents the Jablochkoff candle, the first practical carbon arc lamp, for public street lighting in Paris. 1879 Thomas Edison.
Timeline of quantum computing - Timeline of quantum computing Timeline of quantum computers 1981 - Richard Feynman gave the first proposal for using quantum phenomena to perform computations. The speech was entitled "Simulating Physics With Computers". It was in a talk he gave at the First Conference on the Physics of Computation at MIT. He pointed out that it would probably take a classical computer an extremely long time to simulate a simple experiment in quantum physics. If so, then simple quantum systems are essentially performing huge calculations all the time. It might even be possible to harness that for something useful. 1985 - David Deutsch, at the University of Oxford, described the first universal quantum computer. Just as a universal Turing machine can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently, so.
Afghanistan timeline 1971-1975 - Afghanistan timeline 1971-1975 Afghanistan timeline Spring and summer 1971 Political life in the capital is dominated by squabbles between the administration and the People's Council. The 1969 elections had returned assembly members who were for the most part quite unfamiliar with parliamentary methods and procedure, at least as laid down in the constitution. The final brush comes over a widely supported demand that questions concerning the administration be dealt with by the minister concerned at the time they are asked. This may not seem serious, but it follows a series of deliberate refusals to pass bills that the government regarded as essential. These refusals were based less on any difference over principles than on the rivalry between groups headed by individual parliamentarians, who, in the absence of.
Thermodynamic temperature - Thermodynamic temperature Thermodynamic temperature is a measure, in kelvins (K) of temperature for thermodynamics, with a uniquely defined zero point at absolute zero. A temperature of 0 K is called "absolute zero," and coincides with the minimum molecular activity (i.e., thermal energy) of matter. Thermodynamic temperature was formerly called "absolute temperature." In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology. Derivation of thermodynamic temperature There are many possible scales of temperature, derived from a variety of observations of physical phenomena. The thermodynamic temperature can be shown to have special properties, and in particular can be seen to be uniquely defined (up to some constant multiplicative factor) by considering the efficiency of idealized heat engines. Loosely.
Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions - Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions 1895 - Pierre Curie discovers that induced magnetization is proportional to magnetic field strength 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity 1912 - Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid 1925 - Ernst Ising presents the solution to the one-dimensional Ising model and models ferromagnetism as a cooperative spin phenomenon 1929 - Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac and Werner Karl Heisenberg develop the quantum theory of ferromagnetism 1932 - Louis Eugène Félix Neel discovers antiferromagnetism 1933 - Walter Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld discover perfect superconducting diamagnetism 1933-1937 - Lev Davidovich Landau develops the Landau theory of phase transitions 1937 - Petr Leonidovich.
Timeline of computing 1980-1989 - Timeline of computing 1980-1989 This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1980 to 1989. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the related History of computing. Computing timelines: 500 BC-1949, 1950-1979, 1980-1989, 1990-present 1980 Mycron releases the first commercial 16-bit microcomputer, the Mycron 2000. This computer is used by Digital Research as the development platform for the CP/M-86 operating system. 1980 "DOS addresses only 1 Megabyte of RAM because we cannot imagine any applications needing more." Microsoft on the development of DOS. 1980 - June Commodore released the VIC-20, which had 3.5k of usable memory and was based on the 6502 processor. Magazines became available which contained the code for various utilities and games. A 5.25 inch disk.
September 2002 - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for September, 2002. See also: Afghanistan timeline September 2002 Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 September 30, 2002 2 September 28, 2002 3 September 27, 2002 4 September 25, 2002 5 September 24, 2002 6 September 23, 2002 7 September 22, 2002 8 September 21, 2002 9 September 20, 2002 10 September 19, 2002 11 September 18, 2002 12 September 16, 2002 13 September 14, 2002 14 September 12, 2002 15 September 11, 2002 16 September 10, 2002 17 September 9, 2002 18 September 8, 2002 19 September 7, 2002 20 September 6, 2002 21 September 5, 2002 22 September 4, 2002 23 September 3, 2002 24 September.
Remote viewing - and various lost military items. It appears that throughout this period the CIA and DIA had a number of remote viewers on a contract basis under an umbrella funding agreement known as Project Star Gate. The exact details of the arrangements are somewhat unclear, as expected for a project being run by the intelligence community. SAIC involvement To say that the SRI experiments were successful would be an overstatement. They continued to generate a number of promising leads, but at the same time external reviews consistently found problems, some of them serious, in the testing methodology. Nevertheless the apparent utility of a working remote viewing system was worth the effort, so the project was moved to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1992, where it was hoped that better experimental controls.
October 2003 - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December A timeline of events in the news for October, 2003. See also: Japan general election Iraq timeline Liberian crisis North Korea crisis Hutton Inquiry Bloody Sunday Inquiry Road map for peace Israeli-Palestinian conflict U.S. Presidential Election Same-sex marriage SCO v. IBM War on Terrorism Afghanistan timeline October 2003 2003 Rugby Union World Cup October 31, 2003 Japan: The trial of Shoko Asahara, accused of involvement in the 1995 sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, ends in Japan with final statements from lawyers. The next court session is to be held in mid-February 2004. [1] Russia: The furor surrounding Yukos deepens with an outspoken statement from the Russian Prime Minister expressing deep concern about.
Measuring instrument - their measurements. These range from simple objects such as rulers and stopwatches to electron microscopes and particle accelerators. Mass balance weighing scales mass spectrometer katharometer colorimeter History of Weights and Measures Time calendar chronometer clock atomic clock radiometric dating Timeline of time measurement technology Length micrometer ruler interferometer Angles sextant Temperature thermometer thermocouples thermistors pyrometers electromagnetic spectroscopy Pressure Barometer Manometer Pitot tube (used to determine speed) anemometer (used to determine wind speed) Flow pH Level Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology Electrical Properties electrometer (Measures charge) Ammeter (Measures electrical current) Galvanometer (Measures current) Ohmeter (Measures resistance) Voltmeter (Measures voltage) Wheatstone bridge multimeter (Measures all of the above) Oscilloscope uncategorized Spectroscopy is an important tool used by physicists. Microscope Spectrometer geiger counter Nichols radiometer radiometry.
List of physics topics R-Z - Superconductivity Superconductor Superfluidity Supergravity Superparamagnetism Superstring theory Supersymmetry Surface tension Symmetric matrix Symmetric tensor Symmetry Synchrotron Synchrotron radiation Szilard, Leo T T-duality T-symmetry Tachyon Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich Tauon Taylor series Taylor, Brook Taylor, Richard E Teller, Edward Temperature Tensor Tensor-classical Tensor product Tesla Tesla coil Tesla, Nikola The speed of light in vacuum Theorem of Lagrange Theoretical astrophysics Theoretical Chemistry Theoretical physics Theory Theory of everything Theory of invariants Theory of relativity Thermal conductance Thermal conductivity Thermal neutron Thermodynamics Thermodynamic properties Thermoelectric effect Thirring, Hans Thomas precession Thompson, Benjamin Thomson, George Paget Thomson, Joseph John Thomson, William Thought experiment Tide Tidal acceleration Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal resonance Time Time dilation Time invariance Time travel Timeline of classical mechanics Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity.
