Tungsten inert gas welding - Tungsten inert gas welding Tungsten inert gas welding or TIG is also known as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or HELIARC, a trade name of Linde. A tungsten electrode protected by a shielding gas is used to create an arc, a filler rod is then melted by the arc to join the metals. Unlike most other types of arc welding, the tungsten electrode is not used up by TIG welding..
Welding - Welding Welding is the joining together of materials (typically metals or thermoplastics), usually by a fusion process. Most commonly, workpieces are welded by melting both of them and adding more molten metal or plastic to form a pool that cools to form a strong joint. The energy to form the joint between metal workpieces most often comes from a flame (e.g. oxyacetylene) or an arc, but welding by laser beam, electron beam and friction processes is well established. Energy for welding of thermoplastics typically comes from direct contact with a heated tool or a hot gas. Types of welding Manual metal arc welding, or 'stick' welding is the most common form; Gas welding; Forge welding; Friction welding; Metal inert gas (MIG); Tungsten inert gas (TIG); Spot.
Irving Langmuir - Hoboken, New Jersey, until 1909, when he began working at the General Electric research laboratory (Schenectady, New York). While at G.E., from 1909-1950, Langmuir advanced several basic fields of physics and chemistry, invented the gas filled incandescent lamp, the hydrogen welding technique, and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in surface chemistry. His initial contributions to science came from his study of light bulbs (which was a continuation of his Ph.D. work). First his improvement of vacuum techniques led to the invention of the high-vacuum tube. A year later he discovered that the lifetime of a tungsten filament was greatly lengthened by filling the bulb with an inert gas, such as argon, which is an important part of the modern day incandescent light bulb. As he.
Helium - energy level 2 Oxidation states (Oxide) 0 (unknown) Crystal structure hexagonal Physical Properties State of matter gas Melting point 0.95 K (-458 °F) at 26 atm Boiling point 4.22 K (-452.07 °F) Molar volume 21.0 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 0.0845 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 5.23 kJ/mol Vapor pressure not applicable Speed of sound 970 m/s at 293.15 K Miscellaneous Electronegativity no data (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity 5193 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity no data Thermal conductivity 0.152 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 2372.3 kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential 5250.5 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 3He 0.000137% He is stable with 1 neutron 4He 99.999863% He is stable with 2 neutrons 6He {syn.} 806.7 ms β- 3.508 6Li SI units & STP are used except where noted. Helium.
Metal inert gas welding - Metal inert gas welding Metal inert gas welding or MIG is a type of welding which utilises a welding gun through which a continuous wire electrode is fed. The wires used in the electrodes are typically 1, 1.2 or 1.6mm diameter. To prevent oxygen contaminating the weld a shielding gas utilising a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide is fed around the arc. MIG welding is typically used in flat welds. It is difficult to perform vertical and overhead welding using MIG..
Discoveries of the chemical elements - oxygen. As he was a believer in phlogiston, he didn't realise that he had prepared a new element, and thought that he had managed to prepare air free from phlogiston ("de-phlogisticated air"). However, he was the first to isolate oxygen, even if he didn't realise what he had: Oxygen 1771 Joseph Priestley Chlorine 1774 Karl Wilhelm Scheele Manganese 1780? Hjelm Molybdenum Tellurium 1782 Mueller von Reichenstein Tungsten 1783 The recent discovery of the new planet Uranus by William Herschel had caused a stir, so the newly discovered metallic element was christened uranium in its honour. Uranium 1789 Martin Heinrich Klaproth Zirconium Strontium 1793 Martin Heinrich Klaproth Titanium 1797 Martin Heinrich Klaproth Yttrium Chromium Columbium Tantalum The next element was discovered just after the discovery of a new class of astronomical objects:.
Argon - 8 Oxidation states (Oxide) 0 (unknown) Crystal structure Cubic face centered Physical Properties State of matter gas (nonmagnetic) Melting point 83.8 K (-308.7 °F) Boiling point 87.3 K (-302.4 °F) Molar volume 22.56 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 6.447 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 1.188 kJ/mol Vapor pressure NA Speed of sound 319 m/s at 293.15 K Miscellaneous Electronegativity no data (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity 520 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity no data Thermal conductivity 0.01772 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 1520.6 kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential 2665.8 kJ/mol 3rd ionization potential 3931 kJ/mol 4th ionization potential 5771 kJ/mol 5th ionization potential 7238 kJ/mol 6th ionization potential 8781 kJ/mol 7th ionization potential 11995 kJ/mol 8th ionization potential 13842 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 36Ar 0.336% Ar is stable with.
Thorium - thorium is a silvery white metal that retains its lustre for several months. However, when it is contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming grey and eventually black. Thorium oxide (ThO2), also called thoria, has one of the highest boiling points of all oxides (3300°C). When heated in air, thorium metal turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. Applications Applications of thorium: Mantles in portable gas lights. These mantles glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. As an alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Thorium is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. Thorium has been used in welding electrodes and heat-resistent ceramics. The oxide is used to control the grain size of.
Timeline of invention - Heyl 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edison 1871: Cable car on rails: Andrew S. Hallidie 1871: Compressed air rock drill: Simon Ingersoll 1872: Celluloid: John W. Hyatt 1872: Adding machine: Edmund D. Barbour 1874: Electric street car: Stephen Dudle Field 1874: Barbed wire: Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish 1875: Dynamo: William A. Anthony 1875: Gun- (magazine): B. Hotchkiss 1875: Automobile, experimental: Siegfried Marcus 1876: Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell 1876: Telephone: Elisha Gray 1876: Carpet sweeper: Melville Bissell 1876: Gasoline carburettor: Daimler 1877: Induction motor: Nikola Tesla 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edison 1877: Electric welding: Elihu Thomson 1878: Cathode ray tube: William Crookes 1878: Transparent film: Eastman Goodwin 1879: Incandescent Light bulb: Thomas Alva Edison 1879: Automobile engine: Karl Benz 1879: Cash register: James Ritty 1879: Automobile (Patent): George B. Seldon ... note.
Radon - 18, 8 Oxidation states (Oxide) 0 (unknown) Crystal structure Cubic face centered Physical Properties State of matter gas (nonmagnetic) Melting point 202 K (-96 °F) Boiling point 211.3 K (-79.1 °F) Molar volume 50.50 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 16.4 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 2.89 kJ/mol Vapor pressure NA Speed of sound NA Miscellaneous Electronegativity no data Specific heat capacity 94 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity no data Thermal conductivity 0.00364 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 1037 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 211Rn {syn.} 14.6 h Epsilon Alpha 2.892 5.965 211At 211Po 222Rn 100% 3.824 d Alpha 5.590 218Po SI units & STP are used except where noted. Radon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rn and atomic number 86. A radioactive.
Nuclear pulse propulsion - 1954 explosion at Bikini Atoll, a crucial experiment by Lew Allen proved that nuclear explosives could be used for propulsion. Two graphite-covered steel spheres were suspended near the bomb. After the explosion, they were found intact some distance away, proving that engineered structures could survive a nuclear fireball. A 1959 report by General Atomics, "Dimensional Study of Orion Type Spaceships," (Dunne, Dyson and Treshow), GAMD-784 explored the parameters of three different sizes of hypothetical Orion spacecraft: "satellite" Orion "midrange" Orion "super" Orion Ship Diameter 17-20 m 40 m 400 m Ship Mass 300 T 1-2000 T 8,000,000 T Number of bombs 540 1080 1080 Individual Bomb Mass 0.22 T 0.37-0.75 T 3000 T The most amazing to consider is the "super" Orion design; At 8 million tons, it could easily be.
Vacuum tube - four active electrodes. However the tetrode too had a problem, especially in higher-current applications. At high instantaneous plate currents, the plate would become negative with respect to the screen grid. The positive voltage on the second grid accelerated the electrons, causing them to strike the anode hard enough to knock out secondary electrons which tended to be captured by the second grid, reducing the plate current and the amplification of the circuit. Again the solution was to add another grid and called a supressor grid. This third grid was biased at either ground or cathode voltage and its negative voltage (relative to the anode) electrostatically suppressed the secondary electrons by repelling them back toward the anode. This three-grid tube is called a pentode, meaning five electrodes. Tubes with 4, 5, 6,.
Inert gas - Inert gas An inert gas is a non-reactive gas and is usually a member of the noble gas family. Examples include: helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton, and radon..
Gas - Gas A gas is one of the phases of matter. Gases are, like liquids, fluids: they have the ability to flow and do not resist deformation. Unlike liquids, however, unconstrained gases do not occupy a fixed volume, but instead expand to fill whatever space they occupy. The kinetic energy in a gas is the greatest of the states of matter. Because of this increased kinetic energy, gas atoms and molecules tend to bounce off of one another, more so as the kinetic energy is increased. Also see Ideal gas and Kinetic theory of gases The term gas is also used to mean: Natural gas, which is about 80% methane, with varying proportions of ethane, propane and butane, and is used as a fuel. Gasoline, a colloquial.
Noble gas - Noble gas The noble gases are a chemical series. They are the elements in group 18 (old-style VIII or VIIIA) of the periodic table; specifically helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. The term noble gas comes from the fact that, just like the common view of human nobility, these gases generally sit around not doing anything, and avoid reacting with 'common' elements. The noble gases were previously referred to as inert gases, but this term is not strictly accurate now that some have been shown to take part in chemical reactions. In fact, because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until the existence of helium was hypothetically deduced from a spectrographic analysis of the sun, and later on proven when William Ramsay isolated.
Berylliosis - the modern day uses of beryllium include the following: Nuclear reactors and weapons Inertial guidance systems X-ray tube windows Turbine rotor blades Spark plugs Laser tubes Electrical components Rocket engine liners Ceramic applications Springs, gears, aircraft brakes, aircraft engines, landing gear, and bearings Oil and gas industries Injection and blow mold tooling Welding electrodes Electrical contacts Computer electronics Automotive electronics.
Platinum group - of nickel ore processing. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum makes up only two parts per million of the ore. Osmium is found in iridiosmium a naturally occurring alloy of iridium and osmium and in platinum-bearing river sands in the Ural Mountains, North, and South America. It is also occurs in nickel-bearing ores found in the Sudbury, Ontario region with other platinum group metals. Even though the quantity of platinum metals found in these ores is small, the large volume of nickel ores processed makes commercial recovery possible. Iridium is found uncombined in nature with platinum and other platinum group metals in alluvial deposits. Naturally occurring iridium alloys include osmiridium and iridiosmium, both of which are mixtures of iridium and osmium. It is.
Krypton - 8 Oxidation states (Oxide) 0 (unknown) Crystal structure Cubic face centered Physical Properties State of matter gas (nonmagnetic) Melting point 115.79 K (-251.25 °F) Boiling point 119.93 K (-153.22 °F) Molar volume 27.99 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization 9 .029 kJ/mol Heat of fusion 1 .638 kJ/mol Vapor pressure NA Speed of sound 1120 m/s at 293.15 K Miscellaneous Electronegativity 3.00 (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity 248 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity no data Thermal conductivity 0.00949 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential 1350.8 kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential 2350.4 kJ/mol 3rd ionization potential 3565 kJ/mol 4th ionization potential 5070 kJ/mol 5th ionization potential 6240 kJ/mol 6th ionization potential 7570 kJ/mol 7th ionization potential 10710 kJ/mol 8th ionization potential 12138 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 78Kr 0.35% Kr is stable.
Iodine - organisms. Chemically, iodine is the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Iodine is primarily used in medicine, photography and in dyes. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Notable Characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Isotopes 6 Precautions 7 External Links Notable Characteristics Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid that sublimes at standard temperatures into a blue-violet gas that has an irritating odor. This halogen also forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other member of its series and has some metallic-like properties. Iodine dissolves easily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form purple solutions (It is only slightly soluble in water). The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Applications In areas where there.
Ion pump - Sputter ion pumps operate by ionizing a gas within a magnetically confined cold cathode discharge. The events that combine to enable pumping of gases under vacuum are: Entrapment of electrons in orbit by a magnetic field. Ionization of gas by collision with electrons. Sputtering of titanium by ion bombardment. Titanium gettering of active gases. Pumping of heavy noble gases by ion burial. Diffusion of hydrogen and helium into titanium. Dissociation of complex molecules into simple ones for pumping ease, e.g., CH4 breaks down into C and 2H2. Hydrogen is pumped separately. Carbon is no longer part of the residual gas and resides in solid form. Burial is the basic means of pumping heavy noble gases. Argon ions neutralized via glancing collisions with a sputter cathode impact the pump wall and are.
