UN peacekeeping - UN peacekeeping Peacekeeping operations by the United Nations are operations designed to restore or protect the peace in certain areas of conflict. They are initiated by the UN Security Council. UN peacekeeping initiatives have ranged from small, diplomatic or political delegations to large mobilizations. From 1957 to 2003, there were 55 UN peacekeeping missions. 13 missions were continuing at the end of 2003. 130 nations have sent troops on peacekeeping missions with troops from 89 countries deployed in 2003. Canada and Fiji have been part of almost all peacekeeping missions. A total of 1800 soldiers, hailing from over 100 countries, have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions. 30% of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993-1995. Table.
Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions - Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions The UN has authorized 55 peacekeeping missions. These do not include interventions authorized by the UN like the Korean War and the Gulf War. The 1990s saw the most UN peacekeeping operations to date. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 1940s 2 1950s 3 1960s 4 1970s 5 1980's 6 1990s 7 2000s 8.
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization - United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, an organization founded in 1948 for peacekeeping in the Middle East. Among its tasks are providing assistance to the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force {UNDOF} and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon {UNIFIL}. Its initial foundation was a result of Resolution 50 of the UN Security Council which was accepted on May 29, 1948. Countries contributing military resources to UNTSO include, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA. Notably no Islamic or Jewish country is included in this list. UNTSO has offices in Beirut and Damascus, with its headquarters in Government House, Jerusalem..
United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka - United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka UN Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) (January 15, 1996 - December 15, 2002) was a United Nations peacekeeping mission that monitored the demilitarization of the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula by carrying out daily foot and vehicle patrols on both sides of the border between Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the southernmost tip of Croatia, the Prevlaka Peninsula overlooks the entrance to Kotor Bay, home of the Yugoslav Navy. Countries providing support for this mission included Finland, Argentina, Indonesia, Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Ireland and the USA. See also: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmop/.
UN Transitional Administration in East Timor - UN Transitional Administration in East Timor The UN Transitional Administration in East Timor provided an interim civil administration and a peacekeeping mission in the territory of East Timor. Its responsibilities included providing a peacekeeping force to maintain security and order; facilitating and coordinating relief assistance to East Timorese; facilitating emergency rehabilitation of physical infrastructure; administering East Timor and creating structures for sustainable governance and the rule of law; and assisting in the drafting of a new constitution and conducting elections. Countries supporting this mission included Argentina, Malaysia, Thailand, United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland, Denmark. UNTAET was established on October 25, 1999 and was abolished on May 20, 2002 with most functions passed to the East Timor government. The military and police forces were transferred to the newly.
United Nations Secretariat - international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other U.N. bodies. The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis. The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff. The Secretary General alone is responsible for staff selection. The Secretary General's duties.
United Nations System - and conventions that were created by the United Nations. The United Nations System is based on six principal organs: UN General Assembly UN Security Council UN Economic and Social Council UN Trusteeship Council UN Secretariat International Court of Justice In addition separate organizations, often subordinate to the principal organs, has been created to solve specialized tasks. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Organizations of the General Assembly 1.1 Programmes and Funds 1.2 Research and training institutes 1.3 Other Entities 2 Organizations of the Security Council 3 Organizations of the Economic and Social Council 3.4 Functional Commissions 3.5 Regional Commissions 3.6 Specialized Agencies 3.7 Other Entities 4 Organizations of the Secretariat 5 Organizations related to the United Nations 6 See also 7 Reference Organizations of the General Assembly Main article: UN General Assembly.
United States and the United Nations - by far the largest economy. The United Nations was not designed for a unipolar world, and conflict between the US view the world and the views of most other UN members has increased. The September 11 terrorist attacks on the US and subsequent events have heightened the US sense of its own uniqueness, as well as the desire of other countries to use the UN as a vehicle to retrain what they see as US unilateralism. Conflict between the US and the UN is not new. The first major defeat for the US at the UN was the admission of the People's Republic of China and removal of the Republic of China against US wishes in 1971 (see China and the United Nations). Since the US changed its own China policy.
Afghanistan timeline June 2003 - along Afghanistan's eastern border with Pakistan. Canadian Defense Minister John McCallum arrived in Kabul, Afghanistan for a two-day visit. He was scheduled to meet with President Hamid Karzai, Defense Minister Mohammad Qasim Fahim and the International Security Assistance Force. In a released audio tape, Mullah Omar announced the formation of a 10-man leadership council to organize resistance against the U.S-led coalition in Afghanistan. As part of Operation Unified Resolve, Pakistani troops focused on securing passes on the border with Afghanistan. One Pakistani soldier was killed and another wounded in an exchange of fire with some resisting tribesmen. June 22, 2003 The U.N envoy to Afghanistan, Lakhdar Brahimi, called for the immediate release of two journalists arrested June 18 on charges of defaming Islam. The Afghan Supreme Court planned to put the.
Bundeswehr - is headquartered at Ulm, and IV Corps is headquartered at Potsdam. I Corps is German-Dutch, while II Corps is German-American. Additionally, Eurocorps is under the administrative command of II Corps. The 5th Panzer Division is currently under the command of the US V Corps. Many German units fall under the military command of NATO, as well. Mission The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the Grundgesetz (Art. 87a) as defensive only. Today defense is seen as including not only defense at the borders of Germany, but also as crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or broadly as saving the security of Germany. This allows the Bundeswehr to take part in missions outside of the borders of Germany, as part of the NATO or mandated by the UN. Currently there are Bundeswehr.
Revolutionary United Front - from Charles Taylor of Liberia. At first, the RUF was popular with Sierra Leoneans, many of whom resented a Freetown elite seen as corrupt and looked forward to promised free education and health care and equitable sharing of diamond revenues. Sankoh did not stand by these promises and used funds from diamond sales to buy arms for Taylor and himself. With the diamond mines under the control of the rebel group, the RUF became singularly focused on protecting its booty. Sierra Leone's economy collapsed, with ordinary citizens trapped between the cruelty of RUF troops and starvation. After a failed intervention by America and other countries to implement a peace agreement in 1999, the United Nations sent peacekeeping troops in hopes of integrating the RUF into a new national army. This intervention.
Military of Hungary - military hardware but also a major restructuring of organization, military doctrine, and training. Hungary has been an active participant in the Partnership for Peace since 1994, as well as the NATO-led IFOR/SFOR operations in Bosnia, and regularly contributes to UN peacekeeping missions. The Honvédség's largest service is the army, followed by the air force and a small naval contingent that patrols the Danube River. The size of the armed forces is now 58,000, down from over 130,000 in 1989. The current mandatory conscription period for Hungarian males is 6 months. Conscription is going to be abolished in 2005 as part of a plan to professionalize the army. The government also has pledged to increase defense spending to 2% of GDP until 2006 to bring Hungary's military budget in line with those.
International Criminal Court - Even though the Court has jurisdiction over the crime of international aggression, it will not exercise such jurisdiction until the crime has been further defined. Historical Background The first international court to try war crimes was the International Military Tribunal (IMT) which held the Nuremberg Trials, the trial of major Nazi war criminals after World War II. The United Nations General Assembly instructed the International Law Commission (ILC) to develop a code setting out the legal principles behind the IMT, which it did; the ILC also developed in the 1950s a proposal for the creation of a permanent international tribunal to try war crimes in the future, but the General Assembly of UN did not take up the proposal at the time due to the onset of the Cold War. The.
International relations of Switzerland - became a full member of the United Nations. Switzerland had already previously been involved as party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice and member of most UN specialized agencies as well as the International Atomic Energy Agency. Switzerland has long participated in many UN activities, including the Economic Commission for Europe, UN Environment Program, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN Conference for Trade and Development, UN Industrial Development Organization, and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Prior to its formal accession, Switzerland had maintained a permanent observer mission at UN Headquarters since 1948. Switzerland also is a member of the following international organizations: World Trade Organization, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, European Free Trade Association, Bank for International Settlements, Council of.
Iraq crisis of 2003 - February 2003 the United States appears to be moving towards a war on Iraq while charging that Iraq is in non-compliance with UN resolutions. The United Nations neither supports or opposes this action, nor has it made a final determination as to Iraq's compliance with said sanctions. This article provides a brief summary of the background of this situation, with pointers to articles where more detailed coverage is available. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background 2 Escalation 3 Political responses 4 Possible Resolutions 5 2003 war and fall of Saddam 6 Timeline of Recent events related to the Iraq crisis Background The Middle East has been an unstable part of the world for many years. (See Israel, Palestinian territories, Islamism). In particular, Iraq, under the Ba'ath Party government of its leader.
Ireland in the 20th Century - II ends after six years of violence. Winston Churchill attacks Irish neutrality. An Taoiseach Eamon de Valera defends the Irish position. Sean T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland. Nationalist Eoin MacNeill dies. Irish tenor Count John McCormack dies. Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), the state transport service, begins. The National Stud is established in Kildare. The All-Ireland Champions are Tipperary (hurling) and Cork (football) 1946 The population of Éire is 2,955,000. Éire's application to join the United Nations is vetoed by the Soviet Union. Clann na Poblachta is founded by Sean MacBride. Bord na Móna is established. The All-Ireland Champions are Cork (hurling) and Kerry (football) 1947 Shannon Airport becomes a duty-free area. The All-Ireland Football Final takes place in the Polo Grounds, New York. Cavan beat Kerry to.
History of Haiti - invasion of the Island, an unfounded claim playing on hysteria related to World War I. The conquest and 19-year long occupation of the country by the American Army (to August 1934) was a fateful chapter in Haitian history. During this time, the island was directly administered by the U.S. Marine Corps, Haiti's distinctive system of classical education was largely destroyed, and a generation of soldiers (who were to provide the support for Haiti's subsequent despots) were schooled in cruelty by a force that killed over 3,000 Haitians in its first five years in power, and made extensive use of "corvee labor" (a polite phrase for short-term slavery, accompanied by all the features of race-slavery in the American tradition, including the use of chains, whip-bearing overseers, and the immediate punishment of death.
History of Israel - taken toward securing international sanction for large-scale Jewish settlement in Palestine--then a part of the Ottoman Empire. The Balfour declaration of 1917 asserted the British Government's support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This declaration was supported by a number of other countries, including the United States, and became more important following World War I, when the United Kingdom was assigned the Palestine mandate by the League of Nations. Early History of Modern Israel Jewish immigration grew slowly in the 1920s; it increased substantially in the 1930s, due to political turmoil in Europe and Nazi persecution, until restrictions were imposed by the United Kingdom in 1939. After the end of World War II, and the near-extermination of European Jewry by the Nazis, international support for Jews seeking to.
History of Mozambique - other Portuguese possessions were overseas provinces of the mother country, and emigration to the colonies soared (Mozambique's Portuguese population was about 250,000 in 1975). The drive for Mozambican independence developed apace, and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which initiated an armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule in September 1964. After 10 years of sporadic warfare and Portugal's return to democracy (partially as a result of the expenses from the wars in Angola and Mozambique), Mozambique became independent on June 25, 1975. Democracy however had no roots at all in Mozambique. FRELIMO quickly established a one-party Marxist state and outlawed rival political activity. Civil War In 1982, Renamo, sponsored by the apartheid government in South Africa launched a series of attacks on.
History of Sierra Leone - and ratified in September; it became effective on October 1, 1991. There was great suspicion that Momoh was not serious, however, and APC rule was increasingly marked by abuses of power. The rebel war in the eastern part of the county, led by Capt. Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF), posed an increasing burden on the country. On April 29, 1992, a group of young military officers, led by Capt. Valentine Strasser, launched a military coup, which sent Momoh into exile in Guinea and established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) as the ruling authority in Sierra Leone. As a result of popular demand and mounting international pressure, presidential and parliamentary elections were held in April 1996. Out of 13 candidates that contested, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah won the presidential.
