Urban economics - Urban economics The urban economy is the economy of urban areas, as opposed to rural ones. Contrast with rural lifestyle. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 List of terms in urban economics 1.1 urban economic and political autonomy, hazards, principles 1.2 Urban and building infrastructure and navigation 1.3 Urban local and micro-economics 1.4 Urban global and macro-economics 1.5 Famous urbanists 2 Related lists List of terms in urban economics urban economic and political autonomy, hazards, principles arts economy - autonomous village - banking - biohazard response - bioterrorism - casino capitalism - choice of life - city - - consumerism - de-material world - ecological health - environmental health - flash mob - human development theory - land ethic - new materialism - peace economy - political.
Urban design - Urban design Urban design is related to urban planning, but deals at a more fine-grained scale. It may include the arts of civic design and elements of architecture. Urban design tends to suggest a serious collective concern for three-dimensional space and as much consideration for the public areas between or beneath buildings as for the buildings themselves. This would imply an understanding of microclimate, the durability of materials, practicality of maintenance and the wishes of likely future users. See also Urban economics External Links Principles of Urban Design in Words and Pictures.
Urban planner - Urban planner An urban planner in its original sense is a person who designs cities. More recently it is someone who plans the growth and change of existing places. See urban planning. See also List of urban planners Urban economics.
Urban - Urban Urban is in or having to do with cities, as distinct from rural areas. See also : Urban economics; Urban tribe; Urban structure In terms of music, urban music and urban radio are synonymous with the terms rap or hip hop, because that type of music typically originates in urban areas. (In these contexts the term "black music" has sometimes been used, and urban serves as a race-neutral replacement.) Current examples of popular urban musicians are Missy Elliott, Ja Rule, 50 Cent, Nelly, and Ludacris. List of urban topics Urban legend Urban exploration Urban car Urban myth Urban heat island Urban planning Urban design Urban economics List of cities.
Urban sociology - Urban sociology Urban sociology is the sociological study of the various statistics among the population in cities. (See also: Rural sociology). There are many areas of study in urban sociology. Among them population,geopolitics, economics etc. The Chicago School is a major influence in the study of urban sociology. Despite having studies cities in the early 20th century, the Chicago School is still recognized as important..
Community-based economics - Community-based economics Community-based economics or just community economics encourages local substitution and a rejection of outside energy subsidy and coercion. It is most familiar from the lifeways of those practicing voluntary simplicity, including traditional Mennonite, Amish, and modern eco-village communities. However, it is also increasingly a priority in urban economics, where moral purchasing and local purchasing are increasingly cogent concerns. Various specific programs for community economics and local currency, e.g. Ithaca Hours, are often promoted in green politics. Notably, the Ten Key Values of the Green Party include them as fundamental parts of a green program. See also: fundamentals of economics.
Macroeconomics - firms and industries. With the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to expand. Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who used the concept of aggregate demand to explain fluctuations in output and unemployment. Keynesian economics is based on his ideas. One of the great challenges of recent economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic models. Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior. Today the main schools of macroeconomic thought are as follows: Keynesian economics, which focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and.
Microeconomics - Production, costs, and pricing - Production theory basics - production possibility frontier - Production function - Economies of scale - Economies of scope - Profit maximization - Factors of production - Price discrimination - Transfer pricing - joint product pricing - price points Pareto efficiency - Kaldor-Hicks efficiency - X-efficiency Concentration ratio - Herfindahl index Market failure - Externality General equilibrium Game theory See also Taxes - Tariff Lorenz curve - Gini coefficient - Poverty level Efficient markets theory in Financial economics Risk. List of terms in urban economics International trade - Terms of trade - List of international trade topics Macroeconomics Economics List of Marketing Topics List of Management Topics List of Economics Topics List of Accounting Topics List of Finance Topics List of Economists.
List of urban planners - List of urban planners List of urban planners chronological by initial year of plan. c. 408 BC Hippodamus - Peiraeus, Thurrii, Italy, Rhodes 1666 Christopher Wren - London (England) 1791 Pierre Charles L'Enfant, Benjamin Banneker, Andrew Ellicott - Washington, DC 1853 Baron Haussmann - responsible for the broad avenues of Paris 1898 Ebenezer Howard - Garden City 1901 Charles Follen McKim - Washington, DC revised plan 1909 Daniel Burnham - Chicago, Illinois 1912 Walter Burley Griffin - Canberra, Australia 1924 Andrew R. Cobb and Thomas Adams - Corner Brook, Newfoundland 1924 Clarence Stein - Sunnyside Gardens, New York, Chatham Village, Pittsburgh, Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles 1928 Henry Wright - Radburn, New Jersey c. 1930 Robert Moses, responsible for the urban renewal of New York City 1935.
Kim Swales - Kim Swales Kim Swales is a professor of economics at the University of Strathclyde. He is a graduate of Queens' College, Cambridge. His main research interests are in regional economics and in 1989 he joined the Fraser of Allander Institute to become a key member in an ESRC-funded project to develop a macro-micro model of the Scottish economy (AMOS). He has published widely in the field of regional economics, regional modelling and regional policy and until recently was associate editor of Regional Studies and is on the management committee of the ESRC Urban and Regional Study Group. In particular, he has worked with various novel approaches to helping unemployment such as tax breaks on value-added tax (see [1] or [1])..
Jewish Renewal - founded experimental havurot (singular: havurah) or "fellowships" for prayer and study, in reaction to what they perceived as an over-institutionalized and unspiritual North American Jewish establishment. Initially the main inspiration was the pietistic fellowships of the Pharisees and other ancient Jewish sects. Also initially, some of these groups, like the Boston-area Havurat Shalom attempted to function as full-fledged rural communes after the model of their secular counterparts. Others formed as communities within the urban or suburban Jewish establishment. Founders of the havurot included the liberal political activist Arthur Waskow and Michael Strassfeld (who later became a Conservative rabbi.) Although the leadership and ritual privileges were initially men-only, as in Orthodox Jewish practice, the "second wave" of American feminism soon led to the full integration of women in these communities. Apart from.
Infrastructure bias - hide this bias, which is quite pervasive and (like infrastructure itself) usually invisible and implicit in experimental activities or proposals for same. These terms all refer to specific impacts of infrastructural capital as used in the scientific process - and sometimes in other processes, e.g. economics, ethics, and urban planning. These other impacts will not be discussed in this article, other than to note that "sunk costs are zero" in economics, but are rarely held so in real life. "The Universe doesn't tell us when we're right, only when we're wrong," said Karl Popper, but something other than personal feelings or peers must ultimately tell us that we're right, and to stop testing our thesis. What is that thing? For much of science, especially hard science, it is the cost and.
Infrastructure - instance, computer aided software engineering tools are sometimes described as part of the infrastructure of a development shop, and the term infrastructural capital in economics may be overly broad, as it includes a range from clothing to a continent-spanning canal system. This term can overlap with the notion of internal improvements and public works. definition disputes In national security, the term "critical infrastructure" is also extremely broad (although it should be less inclusive as not all infrastructure should be considered critical) and includes support, e.g. for banking, and other such processes of questionable merit. One issue is the necessity of means of protection, and of accounting, in increasing value of life. Advocates of a broad definition usually argue that without these "critical" systems, the rest of the infrastructure is looted, burned,.
Information industry - section offers a review of what the term "information industry" might entail, and why. Following that is a review of alternative conceptualization such as knowledge industry and information-related occupation. Third section looks at how information industries are discussed in various scholarly contexts including economics, sociology, and geography. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definition 2 Alternative concepts 3 Importance of information industries Definition First, there are industries which produce and sell information in form of good or service. Media products such as television programs and movies, published books and periodicals would constitute probably among the most accepted part of what information goods can be. Some information is provided not as a tangible commodity but as a service. Consulting is among the least controversial of this kind. However, even for this category, disagreements.
Industrialisation - change, or to a different attitude in the perception of nature. Pre-industrial economies are those that rely on sustenance standards of living whereby the population focuses collective resources on producing only what can be consumed by the population. In economics and urban planning, industrial is an intensive type of land use and economic activity involved with manufacturing and production. See also industrial archaeology Examples The 18th century Industrial Revolution, with the use of steam power The Second Industrial Revolution, with the use of Electric power and the Internal-combustion engine Newly industrialized countries.
Irish potato famine - Britain, and then by discussing land tenure within Ireland. The second half of this article focuses on the agricultural and demographic dimensions of the famine, first by discussing the place of the potato in the Irish farm economy, and then by discussing the blight itself. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ireland and Great Britain 1.1 The impact of laissez-faire economics 1.2 Suggestions of genocide 2 Irish Landholdings 3 The Potato in Ireland 4 The Blight 5 Evictions 6 The Aftermath Ireland and Great Britain The 1801 Act of Union stipulated that Ireland would have in the United Kingdom one-fifth the representation of Great Britain, that is 100 members in the House of Commons. Ireland was in terms of population over-represented. The trouble was not Irish representation in the British parliament but.
Healthy city - political purposes, by public health advocates who seek more attention to urban economics and urban infrastructure, e.g. mass transit and street reclaiming. It is usually relative, i.e. a healthier city is what is being advocated - use of the term healthy in advocacy implies the city is presently not healthy, and that is why attention is required..
History of science and technology - surprising they may be, whereas ideas that make yet unproven and seemingly unjustified assumptions are termed pseudoscience. Contribution to knowledge Even so, after enough time, even the most unpopular idea can become a new scientific orthodoxy, if it can survive experimental test satisfactorily. For example, the germ theory of disease has become so prevalent that pasteurization and Listerine are household words, even if Louis Pasteur, Ignaz Semmelweis, and Joseph Lister are not so well remembered. Major areas/Sub-fields Science Life Sciences Biology History of anatomy Theory of evolution Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species Genetics DNA Paleontology Physical Science Chemistry Analytical chemistry Biochemistry Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry History of physics History of astronomy Geology and Earth science Mathematics and Statistics Philosophy and Logic Social science Anthropology Archaeology Economics, business.
History of the United States (1918-1945) - of 1932 5 The First Hundred Days 5.10 The "bank holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act 5.11 The Economy Act 5.12 The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 5.13 Other initiatives 5.14 The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 6 Setbacks of Roosevelt's second term 7 The New Deal and the "broker state" 7.15 Government, labor, and business arbitration 7.16 The “broker state” and marginalized interests 8 The New Deal and economic relief 8.17 Deepening depression 8.18 The New Deal and Keynesian economics 8.19 The recession of 1937 and recovery 8.20 World War II and the end of the Great Depression 9 Conclusions: the legacies of the New Deal 10 World War II 11 Related Topics Aftermath of World War I 1919 sheet music cover A popular Tin Pan Alley song of 1919 asked,.
History of the United States (1945-1964) - that the Soviets had to be "contained" using "unalterable counterforce at every point," until the breakdown of Soviet power occurred. The United States capitalized on the Cold War fears to launch massive economic reconstruction efforts, first in Western Europe and then in Japan (as well as in South Korea and Taiwan). The Marshall Plan began to pump $12 billion into Western Europe. The rationale was obvious: What was the point of having such overwhelming productive superiority if the rest of the world could not muster effective demand? Furthermore, economic reconstruction helped create clientelistic obligations on the part of the nations receiving US aid; this sense of obligation fostered willingness to enter into military alliances and, even more important, into political subservience. Stalin, fearing a revived Germany, responded by blocking access to.
