Venera - Venera The Venera series of satellites was developed by the USSR for the gathering of data from Venus. They were relatively successful after the initial glitches were sorted out. As with some of the USSRs other satellite series they were launched in pair with a second satellite being launched soon after (a week or two) the first of the pair. 1VA (proto-Venera) - Flyby - launched February 4, 1961 : Failed to leave earth orbit Venera 1 - Flyby - launched February 12, 1961 : Communications lost enroute to Venus Venera 2 - Flyby - launched November 12, 1965 : Communications lost just before arival Venera 3 - Atmospheric Probe - launched November 16, 1965 : Communications lost just before atmospheric entry Venera 4 - Atmospheric.
Venera 1 - Venera 1 Venera 1 was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus. The probe consisted of a cylindrical body topped by a dome, totaling 2 meters in height. Two solar panels extended radially from the cylinder. A large (over 2 meter diameter) high-gain net antenna was used to receive signals from the ground. This antenna was attached to the cylinder. A long antenna arm was used to transmit signals to Earth. The probe was equipped with scientific instruments including a magnetometer attached to the end of a 2 meter boom, ion traps, micrometeorite detectors, and cosmic radiation counters. The dome contained a pressurized sphere which carried a Soviet pennant and was designed to float on the putative Venus oceans after the intended Venus impact. Venera 1.
Venera 3 - Venera 3 Venera 3 was a Venera program space probe that was built and launched by the Soviet Union to explore the surface of Venus. It was launched on November 16, 1965 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. The probe crash-landed on Venus on March 1, 1966 becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface..
Venera 15 and 16 - Venera 15 and 16 Venera 15 and Venera 16 were two identical spacecraft sent to Venus by the Soviet Union. Both unmanned orbiters were to map the surface of Venus using high resolution imaging systems. The spacecraft were identical and based on modifications to the earlier Venera space probes. Mission profile The two spacecraft were inserted into Venus orbit a day apart with their orbital planes shifted by an angle of approximately 4 degrees relative to one another. This made it possible to reimage an area if necessary. Each spacecraft was in a nearly polar orbit with a periapsis at 62 N latitude. Together, the two spacecraft imaged the area from the north pole down to about 30 degrees N latitude over the 8 months of.
Venus (planet) - BC, is a 21-year record of the appearances of Venus (which the early Babylonians called Nindaranna). The Assyrians called Venus Dil-bat or Dil-i-pat, in ancient Egypt it was the special star of the mother-god Ishtar, and the Chinese knew it as Jin xing. Venus was the most important celestial body observed by the Maya, who called it Chak ek, "the Great Star", and considered it a representation of Quetzalcoatl; they apparently did not worship any of the other planets. (See also Maya calendar.) Early Greeks thought that the evening and morning appearances of Venus represented two different objects, calling it Hesperus when it appeared in the western evening sky and Phosphorus when it appeared in the eastern morning sky. They soon came to recognize that both objects represented the same planet,.
Vega program - had a two part mission to investigate Venus and also flyby Comet Halley. The flyby of Comet Halley had been a late mission change in the Venera program following on from the cancellation of the US Halley mission in 1981. A later Venera mission was cancelled and the Venus part of the Vega 1 mission was reduced. Because of this the craft was designated Vega, a contraction of Venera and Gallei (from Halley, as the Russian language does not have the letter "H"). The spacecraft design was based on the previous Venera 9/10 missions. The two spacecraft were launched on December 15 and December 21, 1984, respectively. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Venus mission 1.1 The Vega aerobots 2 The Halley mission 3 The Vega spacecraft The Venus mission Vega.
June 12 - leaders under Joseph Stalin 1939 - The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated in Cooperstown, New York. This is exactly one hundred years to the day on which the game was supposedly invented by Abner Doubleday. 1940 - World War II: 54,000 British and French troops surrender to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at St. Valery-en-Caux 1942 - Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday 1944 - Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung announces that he will support Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek in the war against Japan 1948 - Ben Hogan wins his first U.S. Open golf tournament 1957 - Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury becomes Prime Minister of France 1963 - Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richard Burton premieres at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City. 1963.
Gamma-ray astronomy - systems. Perhaps the most spectacular discovery in gamma-ray astronomy came in the late 1960s and early 1970s from a constellation of defense satellites which were put into orbit for a completely different reason. Detectors on board the Vela satellite series, designed to detect flashes of gamma-rays from nuclear bomb blasts, began to record bursts of gamma-rays -- not from the vicinity of the Earth, but from deep space! Today, these gamma-ray burstss are seen to last for fractions of a second to minutes, popping off like cosmic flashbulbs from unexpected directions, flickering, and then fading after briefly dominating the gamma-ray sky. Studied for over 25 years now with instruments on board a variety of satellites and space probes, including Soviet Venera spacecraft and the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, the sources of these.
1969 - Ussuri River March 3 - In a Los Angeles, California court, Sirhan Sirhan admits that he killed presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy March 3 - Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module March 10 - In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. Ray would later retract his guilty plea March 13 - Apollo program: Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module March 17 - Golda Meir of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, becomes Prime Minister of Israel April 1 - The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the RAF April 4 - Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart May 16 - Venera program: Venera 5, a Soviet spaceprobe, lands on Venus May 17 - Venera.
1961 - including the entire United States figure skating team and several coaches. March 1 - President of the United States John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps. March 3 - Hassan II becomes King of Morocco March 8 - Max Conrad circumnavigates the earth in eight days, 18 hours and 49 minutes setting a new world record. March 15 - South Africa withdraws from the British Commonwealth March 29 - The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, DC to vote in presidential elections. April 12 - Yuri Gagarin is the first human in space. April 17 - Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba begins, ending in failure April 19 April 25 - Robert Noyce is granted the first patent for an integrated circuit. April 27.
1966 - when Robert Menzies retires. January 29 - The first of 608 performances of Sweet Charity opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City. January - First SR-71 spy plane goes into service. February 3 - The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon. February 23 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government. February 24 - A military coup in Ghana raises sacked general Ankrah to power while president Kwame Nkrumah is abroad. March 1 - Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface. March 1 - The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria March 4 - John Lennon says, "We (The Beatles) are more popular than Jesus" later sparking controversy.
1970 - U.S. invades Cambodia to hunt out Viet Cong May 4 Four students at Kent State University in Ohio are killed by National Guardsmensmen at a demonstration protesting incursion into Cambodia. May 6 - Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government due to accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use in Northern Ireland. May 17 - Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat Ra II to sail the Atlantic Ocean. May 26 - The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2. May 31 - Avalanche on Nevado Huascarán in destroys town of Yungay, Peru June 24 - The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. July 21 - - Aswan High.
1965 - End the War in Vietnam stages the first public burning of a draft card in the United States. October 28 - In St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot-tall parabolic steel Gateway Arch is completed. October 30 - Vietnam War: Just miles from Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by wave after wave of Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. Among the dead, a sketch of Marine positions was found on the body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before. November 6 - Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by 1971 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program). November 8 - The British Indian Ocean.
Aruba Dushi Tera - by Rufo Wever, is popularly accepted as the unofficial anthem. Papiamento Lyrics Aruba patria aprecia nos cuna venera chikito y simpel bo por ta pero si respeta. Chorus: O, Aruba, dushi tera nos baranca tan stima nos amor p’abo t’asina grandi cu n’tin nada pa kibre (repeat) Bo playanan tan admira cu palma tur dorna bo escudo y bandera ta orgullo di nos tur! Chorus Grandeza di bo pueblo ta su gran cordialidad cu Dios por guia y conserva su amor pa libertad! Chorus English Translation Aruba beloved home our venerated cradle though small and simple you may be you are indeed esteemed. Chorus: Aruba our dear country our rock so well beloved our love for you is so strong that nothing can destroy it. (repeat) Your beaches so much admired.
August 17 - followed several hours later by the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery, thus completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. 1945 - Indonesia proclaims itself independent from the Netherlands. 1960 - Gabon gains independence from France. 1962 - East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin. 1969 - Category 5 Hurricane Camille hits the Mississippi coast killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars). 1970 - Venera program: Venera 7 is launched. It will later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from another planet. 1978 - Double Eagle II becomes first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean when it lands in Miserey near Paris, 137 hours after leaving Preque Isle, Maine. 1979 -.
Cosmos 21 - unknown mission. This mission has been tentatively identified by NASA as a technology test of the Venera series space probes. It may have been an attempted Venus flyby, presumably similar to the later Cosmos 27 mission, or it may have been intended from the beginning to remain in geocentric orbit. In any case, the spacecraft never left Earth orbit after insertion by the SL-6/A-2-e launcher. The orbit decayed on November 14, three days after launch. Beginning in 1963, the name Cosmos was given to Soviet spacecraft which remained in Earth orbit, regardless of whether that was their intended final destination. The designation of this mission as an intended planetary probe is based on evidence from Soviet and non-Soviet sources and historical documents. Typically Soviet planetary missions were initially put into an.
Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes - - Pioneer 4 flyby 1959 - Moon - Success - Luna 2 lander launched, it was the first spacecraft to impact onto he surface of the moon 1959 - Moon - Success - Luna 3 flyby launched, it returned the first image of the Moon's hidden side 1960 - Mars - Failure - Mars 1960A probe 1960 - Mars - Failure - Mars 1960B probe 1961 - Venus - Failure - 1VA (proto-Venera) flyby 1961 - Venus - Failure - Venera 1 flyby 1962 - Venus - Success - Mariner 2 launched and became the first satellite to return data about Venus 1962 - Earth - Success - Telstar 1 is launched 1962 - Earth - Success - Alouette is launched, the first Canadian satellite 1962 - Moon - Failure -.
Timeline of planetary exploration - 1960A - 15 April 1960 - Attempted Lunar Flyby (Launch Failure) Luna 1960B - 18 April 1960 - Attempted Lunar Flyby (Launch Failure) Pioneer P-30 - 25 Sept 1960 - Attempted Lunar Orbiter (Launch Failure) Marsnik 1 (Mars 1960A) - 10 October 1960 - Attempted Mars Flyby (Launch Failure) Marsnik 2 (Mars 1960B) - 14 October 1960 - Attempted Mars Flyby (Launch Failure) Pioneer P-31 - 15 December 1960 - Attempted Lunar Orbiter (Launch Failure) 1961 Sputnik 7 - 4 February 1961 - Attempted Venus Impact Venera 1 - 12 February 1961 - Venus Flyby (Contact Lost) Ranger 1 - 23 August 1961 - Attempted Lunar Test Flight Ranger 2 - 18 November 1961 - Attempted Lunar Test Flight 1962 Ranger 3 - 26 January 1962 - Attempted Lunar Impact Ranger.
Sputnik 7 - Earth orbit with a SL-6/A-2-e launcher. The launch payload consisted of an Earth orbiting launch platform (Tyazheliy Sputnik 4) and the Venera probe. The fourth stage (a Zond rocket) was supposed to launch the Venera probe towards a landing on Venus after one Earth orbit but ignition failed, probably due to a faulty timer, and the spacecraft remained in Earth orbit. Because of its large size (6483 kg), the mission was originally thought by non-Soviet observers to be a failed manned mission, and later was described as a test of an Earth orbiting platform from which an interplanetary probe could be launched..
Sputnik 19 - Sputnik 19 Sputnik 19 was a Soviet Venera-type spacecraft intended to make a landing on Venus. The SL-6/A-2-e launcher put the spacecraft into Earth orbit on August 25, 1962, but the escape stage failed and the probe remained in geocentric orbit for three days until the orbit decayed on August 28 and it re-entered Earth's atmosphere. US Naval Space Command Satellite Situation Summary identified this vehicle as Sputnik 23. It is also known as Alpha Pi 1..
