Vertical speed indicator - Vertical speed indicator The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is an instrument in an aircraft used to inform the pilot of his rate of descent or climb. Like the altimeter, the VSI is a pressure instrument, and is connected to the aircraft's static port. Whereas the altimeter measures the absolute pressure, the VSI is designed to leak away pressure at a slow rate. The rate of the leak is calibrated to drive a display indicating feet per minute. Because of the way it works, the VSI is a very slow-responding instrument, taking several seconds to "catch up" with the reality of what is actually happening. It is common for beginner pilots to "chase the needle", trying to establish a steady rate of descent or climb, or simply.
Airspeed Indicator - Airspeed Indicator Note: a duplicate article is at airspeed indicator The Airspeed Indicator is an instrument pressent on nearly all aircraft panels. Together with the altimeter, it is the most important instrument in the panel. The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator are the members of the pitot-static group of instruments, so named because they operate by measuring pressure in the pitot and static circuits. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Operation 2 Uses 3 Alternatives 4 Types of airspeed measurements 5 Markings Operation Airspeed indicators work by measuring the difference between static pressure, captured through one or more static port(s) and dynamic pressure, captured through a pitot tube. The static ports are located on the exterior of the aircraft, at a location chosen to detect the.
Vega program - explorer. The landers were identical to that of the previous five Venera missions and was to study the atmosphere and surface, it had instruments to study temperature, pressure, a UV spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a gas-phase chromatograph, a X-ray spectrometer, a mass spectrometer and a surface sampling device. The Vega 1 lander's surface experiments were inadvertently activated at 20 km from the surface by an especially hard wind jolt and so failed to provide results. The balloon aerobot was a constant-pressure 3.4 metre diameter balloon with instruments, weighing 25 kg in total. It was deployed at 54 km from the surface in the most active layer of the Venuian cloud system. The 5 kg instrument pack had sixty hour batteries and measured temperature, pressure, wind speed and aerosol density. The.
Visual Flight - airplanes - through the use of the aircraft flight controls and aircraft engine controls to adjust the "sight picture". Some reference to flight instruments is usually necessary to determine exact airspeed, altitude, heading, bank angle and rate of climb/descent. There are 3 components to the aircraft's attitude. They are pitch, roll and yaw. Pitch can be seen as the vertical relationship between the nose and horizon. Since the pilot / cockpit and nose of the aircraft are all moving together, the pitch attitude is actually seen as the ratio of visible sky to ground. The exact ratio of sky to ground will vary from one aircraft type to another. In a typical light aircraft, the ratio might be 2/3 ground and 1/3 sky when the aircraft is in the cruise attitude Increasing the.
Gimli Glider - pump had failed, and turned it off. The computer said there was still lots of fuel, but of course it didn't really know. A few moments later a second alarm sounded, and the pilots decided to divert to Winnipeg. Within seconds the left engine failed and they prepared for a one-engine landing. While they attempted to re-start the engine and communicate with controllers in Winnipeg for an emergency landing, the warning system sounded again, this time with a long "bong" that no one had ever heard. The sound was in fact the "all engines out" sound, something none of the training simulated. Seconds later the right side engine stopped, and the 767 lost all power and went quiet, allowing the cockpit voice recorder to easily pick out "oh fuck". The 767.
Flight instruments - of flight instruments which give the pilot information about the aircraft's attitude, speed and height. ; Basic flight instruments : A set of six instruments which most aircraft have. ; Altimeter : Gives the aircraft's height (usually in feet) above some reference level (often sea-level) ; Artificial Horizon or Attitude Indicator :Shows the aircraft's attitude relative to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and whether the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. ; Airspeed indicator : Shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots) relative to the surrounding air. ; Compass : Shows the aircraft's heading relative to magnetic north. ; Direction indicator (also known as Gyrocompass) : Shows the aircraft's heading. ; Turn & bank Indicator or Turn coordinator : Tells.
Sonar - the thermocline, unless it is very noisy. The thermocline is not present in shallower coastal waters. Pressure also affect sound propagation as convergence zones (CZ). Sound waves that are radiated down into the ocean bend back up to the surface in great arcs due to the effect of pressure on sound. Under the right conditions these waves will then reflect off the surface and repeat another arc. Each arc is called a CZ annulus. CZs are found every 33 nm, forming a annular pattern of concentric circles around the sound source. Sounds that can be detected for only a few miles in a direct line can therefore also be detected hundreds of miles away. The signal is naturally attenuated but modern sonar suites are very sensitive. Identifying sound sources Military sonar.
Republic P-47 - Seversky acting as president, designer, and chief test pilot, but he also hired a fellow Russian expatriate named Alexander Kartveli as a design engineer. Kartveli was an original designer with many innovative ideas, and would eventually become chief designer when De Seversky became more preoccupied with the business aspects of running a company. The first Seversky design was the "SEV-3" amphibian, The SEV-3 was an all-metal, low wing monoplane that was powered by Wright J-6 air-cooled radial engine, offering 420 horsepower, and had an interesting arrangement of retractable floats that allowed it to land on water or a runway. The rear edges of all flight surfaces were in the form of elliptical curves, a feature that would be retained in its ancestors. The "3" in the SEV-3 designation indicated that it.
Pilot-induced oscillation - result in a reduction in airspeed. Another factor is the response rate of flight instruments in comparison to the response rate of the aircraft itself. An increase in power will not result in an immediate increase in airspeed. An increase in climb rate will not show up immediately on the vertical speed indicator. A pilot aiming for a 500 foot per minute descent, for example, may find himself descending too rapidly. He begins to apply up elevator until the vertical speed indicator shows 500 feet per minute. However, because the vertical speed indicator lags the actual vertical speed, he is actually descending at much less than 500 feet per minute. He then begins applying down elevator until the vertical speed indicator reads 500 feet per minute, starting the cycle over. It's.
List of aviation topics - (ATZ, and MATZ) Air navigation Airport Airspeed indicator Air traffic control Air traffic information system (ATIS) Altimeter Altitude Attitude indicator Aviation Aviation System Avionics Circuit (airfield) Civil Aviation Authority (CAA - UK authority) Compass Controlled airspace Deep stall Direction indicator Federal Aviation Administration (FAA - US authority) Flight Flight controls Flight instruments Flight level Flying General aviation Go around GPS Ground effect IFR Instrument flight rules ILS Instrument landing system Incidents in Aviation International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Landing Meteorology Non-directional beacon (NDB) Overhead join Private Pilot's License QFE QNH Runway Spin (flight) Stall Swedish Civil Aviation Administration T-tail Taking off Taxiing Turn and bank indicator V-tail Vertical speed indicator VFR Visual flight rules VOR VHF omni-range (type of navigational beacon).
Airspeed indicator - Airspeed indicator The airspeed indicator (ASI) is an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the craft's airspeed - that is, its speed relative to the air through which it is flying. Like the altimeter, the traditional ASI is a pressure measuring instrument, calibrated directly in units of speed (knots usually). Unlike the altimeter, it is a differential device, measuring the air pressure difference between the static port and the pitot head, which is a ram-air tube facing forward into the airstream. The airspeed displayed will be Indicated Airspeed (IAS), which is Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) with consistent errors; typically, for small planes, the IAS will be lower than CAS at slow speeds and higher than CAS at high speeds. Knowing the airspeed of an.
Speed dating - Speed dating Speed dating is a formalized matchmaking process or dating system (a variant of a meeting system where the purpose is to enjoy romantic or friendship dates rather than decide anything). It originated in Jewish circles in the United States as a way to ensure that more Jewish singles met each other in large cities where they were outnumbered by non-Jews. It has been made more popular by its use on dating game shows, e.g. Fifth Wheel, and has recently become popular in the gay community. Supporters argue that speed dating simply saves time, as most people decide if they are romantically compatible very quickly, and first impressions are usually permanent. In the original idea of speed dating, men and women are rotated to meet.
Speed to fly - Speed to fly Speed to fly (S.T.F.) is a technique used by soaring pilots when transiting between natural sources of lift, which includes thermal, ridge and wave. The idea is to minimize the amount of time spent in the sinking air that is always found in between the rising air of the natural lift. The minimal instrumentation required is an airspeed indicator and a variometer. The pilot will use the polar information for the particular aircraft. to derive the exact speeds to fly depending on the lift and sink conditions that the aircraft is flying in. These speeds must be memorized for various combinations of lift and sink. The next step up in instrumentation is a speed to fly ring which is fitted around the aircraft's.
Wind speed - Wind speed Wind speed is , where u, v, and w are zonal, meridional, and vertical components of wind velocity. Except in unusual circumstances (e.g. in cumulus updrafts), the vertical component of the velocity is much smaller than the horizontal component. In scientific literature, wind speed is given in the unit metres per second, but it is also common to see it in knots. Other, empirical scales exist: The Beaufort scale is a common way to assess wind speed without an anemometer, and the Fujita scale allows classification of tornadoes in six categories..
V-Speeds - of an aircraft. Here are some of the most common v-speeds: ; Vs : the aircraft's stall speed in clean, or cruise configuration (gear and flaps up). ; Vso : the aircraft's stall speed in dirty, or landing configuration (gear and flaps down). ; Vx : the airspeed that provides the best angle of climb (highest altitude in shortest distance). It is typically a fairly slow speed, and is most useful for taking off over obstacles like trees. ; Vy : the airspeed that provides the best rate of climb (highest altitude in least time). It is faster than Vy, and is most useful for getting to an altitude as quickly as possible (say, to avoid icing). ; Va : the maximum airspeed for turbulence. For a typical light civilian aircraft,.
HMS Thetis - Eight 6 pounder Hotchkiss, One 3 pounder Vickers, 4 Maxim machine guns, Four 14 inch torpedo tubes, 100 mines Propulsion: Twin triple-expansion coal-fired steam engines, 7000 indicated HP Speed: 18.5 knots maximum, twin screws Armour: 1.3-2 inch deck, no belt The Group 1 T Class submarine HMS Thetis was built by Cammell Laird in Liverpool, England and launched on June 29 1938. Trials were delayed because the forward hydroplanes jammed, but eventually started in Liverpool Bay under Lieutenant-Commander G. Bolus. The first dive was attempted on June 1, 1939 at about 2 pm. The submarine was too light to dive, so a survey of the water in the various tanks on board was made. One of the checks was whether the internal torpedo tubes were flooded. Lieutenant Frederick Woods, the torpedo.
USS Wasp (CV-7) - Width: 109 ft Draft: 20 ft Speed: 29.5 knots Complement: 2,367 officers and men Armament: 8 x 6-inch guns, 16 x 1.1-inch guns, 16 x .50-cal MGs Aircraft: 80 The eighth USS Wasp (CV-7) was a United States Navy aircraft carrier. She was laid down on 1 April 1936 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company, launched on 4 April 1939, sponsored by Carolyn Edison (wife of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Charles Edison), and commissioned on 25 April 1940 at the Army Quartermaster Base, South Boston, Massachusetts, Captain John W. Reeves, Jr in command. Wasp remained at Boston through May, fitting out, before she got underway on 5 June 1940 for calibration tests on her radio direction finder gear. After further fitting out while anchored in Boston harbor, the.
Kamen - V/STOL designed around a rotoprop March 1954 : A modified Kaman HTK-1 becomes the world's first twin-turbine powered helicopter September, 1956 : HH-43 Huskie A variant of the OH-43, equipped with a Lycoming T-53 turbine engine HH-43B Rotor diameter: 14.33 m each Length: 7.62 m Height: 4.74 m Weight: 2000 kg - Max: 4150 Engine: 1 Avco Lycoming T53-L-1B of 825 hp Speed: Max: 190 km/h Range: 450 km Service Ceiling: 7600 m July 1957 : QH-43 Another modified HTK-1 becomes the world's first remotely piloted vehicle 1958 : K-17 A cold-tipped jet powered helicopter Rotor diameter: 11.3 m Weight: 430 kg - Max: 900 Engine: 1 Turbomeca Turmo of 600 hp Speed: Max: 120 km/h Endurance: 2 hours Service Ceiling: 1500 m July 2, 1959 : HU2K-1 Later known as.
Keyboard technology - probably see them on appliances like microwave ovens or photocopiers. A common design consists of three layers. The top layer (and the one the user touches) has the labels printed on its front and conductive stripes printed on the back. Under it is a spacer layer, which holds the front and back layer apart so that they don't normally make electrical contact. The back layer has conductive stripes printed perpendicularly to those of the front layer. When placed together, the stripes form a grid. When the user pushes down at a particular position, his finger pushes the front layer down through the spacer layer to close a circuit at one of the intersections of the grid. This indicates to the computer or keyboard control processor that a particular button has been.
James Watt - 1767: Surveyor of Forth and Clyde canal. 1774: Started a business in Soho, near Birmingham, with Matthew Boulton to manufacture his improved Watt steam engine. 1784: Patented a steam locomotive. 1800: Retired to Heathfield Hall near Birmingham. Engineering Achievements Watt invented the centrifugal governor to regulate the speed of a steam engine. The parallel motion to convert circular motion to an approximate straight line motion (of which he was most proud) and the steam indicator to measure steam presure in the cylinder throughout the working cycle of the engine. Watt greatly helped the development of the embryonic steam engine into a viable and economic means of power generation. He realised that the Newcomen steam engine was wasting nearly three quarters of the steam energy in heating the piston and chamber. Watt.
