Virtue jurisprudence - Virtue jurisprudence In the philosophy of law, virtue jurisprudence is the name given to theories of law related to virtue ethics. By making the aretaic turn in legal theory, virtue jurisprudence focuses on the importance of character and human excellence or virtue to questions about the nature of law, the content of the law, and judging. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The topics encompassed by virtue jurisprudence 2 Aretaic theories of judging 2.1 The judicial virtues 2.2 Criticism of a virtue-centered theory of judging 3 Virtue as the proper end of law 4 Law and virtue outside the Western tradition 5 References 6 Related topics 7 External Links The topics encompassed by virtue jurisprudence Among the topics encompassed by virtue jurisprudence are the following: Virtue ethics.
James Mill - Electric Review; but there is no means of tracing his contributions. In 1808 he began to write for the Edinburgh Review, to which he contributed steadily till 1813, his first known article being "Money and Exchange." He also wrote on Spanish America, China, General Miranda, the East India Company, and the Liberty of the Press. In the Annual Review for 1808 two articles of his are traced--a "Review of Fox's History," and an article on "Bentham's Law Reforms," probably his first published notice of Bentham. In 1811 he co-operated with William Allen (1770-1843), quaker and chemist, in a periodical called the Philanthropist. He contributed largely to every number--his principal topics being Education, Freedom of the Press, and Prison Discipline (under which he expounded Bentham's "Panopticon"). He made powerful onslaughts on the.
Justice - seen as the continued effort to do what is "right". Classically, justice was the ability to recognise one's debts and pay them. It was a virtue that encompassed an unwillingness to lie or steal. It was the basis for the code duello. In this view, justice is the opposite of the vice of venality. In jurisprudence, justice is the obligation that the legal system has toward the individual citizen and the society as a whole. Justice (in both senses) is part of the debate regarding moral relativism and moral absolutism: Is there an "absolute standard" of justice, under which all behavior should be judged, or is it acceptable for justice to have different meanings in different societies? Some cultures, for instance, see punishments such as the death penalty as being appropriate,.
English Law - common law (as opposed to civil law), it was exported to Commonwealth countries while the British Empire was established and maintained, and persisted after the Bristish withdrew or were expelled, to form the basis of the jurisprudence of many of those countries. Actually part of the English legal system has always been considered to be based upon the civil law, namely the ecclesiastical courts and the courts of admiralty. The essence of common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the fact before them. Because common law consisted of using what had gone before as a guide, common law places great emphasis on precedents. Thus a decision of the highest court in England and Wales, the House.
Erich Fromm - working and teaching in Mexico. He moved to Muralto, Switzerland in 1974, and died at his home there five days before his eightieth birthday. After his final exam at the Wler-Schule in Frankfurt in 1918, Fromm spent two semesters studying jurisprudence at the University of Frankfurt. During the summer semester of 1919, Fromm studied at the University of Heidelberg, where he switched from studying jurisprudence to studying sociology under Alfred Weber (brother of Max Weber), Karl Jaspers, and Heinrich Rickers. Fromm received his Ph.D in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922, and completed his psychoanaltyical training in 1930 at the Psychoanalytical Institute in Berlin. In that same year, he began his own clinical practice and joined the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, which moved to Geneva fleeing Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime, then,.
Discrimination against non-Muslims in Afghanistan - to Judaism or Christianity was punishable by death. The Taliban sought to impose its extreme interpretation of Islamic observance in areas that it controlled and has declared that all Muslims in areas under Taliban control must abide by the Taliban's interpretation of Islamic law. The Taliban relies on a religious police force under the control of the Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (PVPV) to enforce rules regarding appearance, dress, employment, access to medical care, behavior, religious practice, and freedom of expression. Persons found to be in violation of the edicts are subject to punishment meted out on the spot, which may include beatings, detention, or both. In practice, the rigid policies adopted both by the Taliban and by certain opposition groups affect adversely adherents of.
Abington School District v. Schempp - for Schempp. Consequently, Abington Township School District appealed to the Supreme Court. Consolidated with a similar Maryland case launched by renowned atheist Madalyn Murray, the Supreme Court handed down a controversial 8-1 decision in favor of Schempp (and Murray). [3] Although certainly not the first case involving religious expression to reach the Supreme Court, Abington Township School District v. Schempp was the impetus of perhaps the most vituperative debate regarding religion and its place in the US school system up to that time. This case raised thorny constitutional and social issues like no other case preceding it. [4] In jurisprudence spanning the previous two decades, the Supreme Court increasingly applied greater portions of the Bill of Rights to the states in light of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. Seminal church-state.
Tertullian - in Africa, and Tertullian's Punic blood palpably pulsates in his style, with its archaisms or provincialisms, its glowing imagery, its passionate temper. He was a scholar, having received an excellent education. He wrote at least three books in Greek, to which he himself refers; but none of these are extant. His principal study was jurisprudence, and his methods of reasoning reveal striking marks of his juridical training. He shone among the advocates of Rome, as Eusebius reports. His conversion to Christianity took place about 197-198 (so Harnack, Bonwetsch, and others), but its immediate antecedents are unknown except as they are conjectured from his writings. The event must have been sudden and decisive, transforming at once his own personality; he himself said that he could not imagine a truly Christian life without.
Analects of Confucius - that this book is maybe the first in human history to describe the life of a man. There are various theories regarding its compilation, but it is obvious that it is somewhat of a patchwork, assembled over a period of time, but the core of the book could be attributed to the second generation disciples. These Analects, with the other Four Books, is part of the foundational texts of Confucianism. See also Chinese classic texts Four Books Sacred text Virtue jurisprudence.
Aretaic turn - in contemporary moral philosophy and ethics to emphasize character and human excellence or virtue, as opposed to moral rules or consequences. This movement has been extended to other disciplines, including epistemology, politics, and jurisprudence. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The meaning of aretaic 2 The aretaic turn in moral philosophy 3 Aretaic approaches to other philosophical problems 4 Criticisms 5 Bibliography 6 See also 7 External Links The meaning of aretaic Aretaic is from the Greek arete, meaning excellence or virtue. Aretaic thus means of or pertaining to virtue or excellence. In contemporary philosophy, aretaic approaches are those which focus on human excellence or virtue. The aretaic turn in moral philosophy In moral philosophy, the phrase "aretaic turn" refers to the renewed emphasis on human excellence or virtue in moral theory.
Stare decisis - jurisdictions as it is argued that this prinicple interferes with the right of judges to interpret law and the right of the legislature to make law. Most such systems, however, recognize the concept of jurisprudence constante, which argues that even though judges are independent, they should rule in a predictable and non-chaotic manner. In general, a common law court system has trial courts, intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court. The lower courts administer most day-to-day justice. The lower courts are bound to follow precedents established by the appellate court for their region and the supreme court. Appellate courts are only bound to follow supreme court decisions. The application of the doctrine of stare decisis from a higher court to a lower court is sometimes called vertical stare decisis. A supreme.
Philosophy of law - of law Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence which studies basic questions about law and legal systems, such as "what is the law?", "what are the criteria for legal validity?", "what is the relationship between law and morality?", and many other similar questions. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 What is law? 2 Normative Theories of Law 3 Philosophical Approaches to Legal Problems 4 Related Entries 4.1 General 4.2 Philosophers of Law What is law? The question that has received the most substantial attention from philosophers of law is What is law? Three schools of thought have provided rivals answers to this question: Natural law theory asserts that there is an essential connection between law and morality. This view is frequently summarized by the maxim: an unjust law.
Legal positivism - positivism is a school of thought in modern and contemporary jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. The principal claims of legal positivism are: that there is no inherent or necessary connection between law and morality that laws are rules made by human beings Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Legal Positivism and Natural Law 2 What makes law valid? 3 Austin's Command Theory of Law 4 Law and ethics 5 Related Entries Legal Positivism and Natural Law Stated this way, it may surprise some that this is a controversial concept. Legal positivism stands in opposition to various contrary ideas that call themselves the tradition of natural law, a body of legal theory asserting that there is an essential connection between law and justice. Legal positivism claims incorporates the separation thesis: the idea.
List of philosophical topics (I-Q) - Identity and individuality in quantum theory Identity of indiscernibles Identity politics Identity theory Identity theory of mind Idiolect Iff If and only If Illusion Immutability Impartiality Indexicals Incompatibilism Incompatibilist theories of free will Indexicals Indispensability arguments in the philosophy of mathematics Inequality Inertial systems Inference Infinitary logic Informal logic Inherence relation Innatism Integrity Intelligent design theory Intentionality Intergenerational justice Internalist vs. externalist conceptions of justification Interpretation and coherence of the law Intrinsic properties intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties Intuitionistic logic Intuitive truth Irrationalism and Aestheticism Irrealism Is-ought problem J Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi -- William James -- Julian Jaynes -- Jurisprudence -- Jus Ad Bellem -- Jus In Bello -- Justice -- Justice as a virtue -- Justification of the state -- K Lord Kames -- Immanuel Kant -- Kant's theory of space.
Virtue - Virtue Virtue is from the Latin virtus, the equivalent of the Greek arete (ἆρετή). In general, virtue is excellence. As applied to humans, a virtue is a good character trait. The Latin word virtus literally means "manliness," from vir, "man" in the masculine sense; and referred originally to masculine, warlike virtues such as courage. In one of the many ironies of etymology, in English the word virtue is often used to refer to a women's chastity. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The four virtues 2 Virtue in the Western philosophical tradition 3 The unity of the virtues 4 Prudence and virtue 5 The Christian virtues 6 Virtue and vice 7 Virtue in Chinese philosophy 8 Related entries The four virtues The four classic Western "cardinal" virtues.
Jurisprudence - Jurisprudence Jurisprudence (from Latin: juris prudentia -- by the activity of prudentes; advisors, experts), is the philosophy, science, study, and application of law. History Jurisprudence already had this meaning in ancient Rome, even if at its origins the discipline was a monopoly of the college of the Pontiffs (Pontifex), which detained an exclusive power of judgement on facts, being the only experts (periti) in the jus of traditional law (mores maiorum, a body of oral laws and customs verbally transmitted "by father to son"). Pontiffs indirectly created a body of laws by their pronunciations (sententiae) on single concrete (judicial) cases. Their sentences were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, but effectively it was an activity that, apart from formally reconsidering for each case.
Justification (jurisprudence) - Justification (jurisprudence) In jurisprudence, justification is a defense in which a defendant argues that although they broke the law, they should not be held liable for, or found guilty of, a crime, as some special or extenuating circumstance(s) existed such that the illegal action was, for some reason or other, reasonable and acceptable. Possible justifications include: consent, defense of others, defense of property, necessity, resisting unlawful arrest, and self-defense..
Vice and Virtue Ministry - Vice and Virtue Ministry During the reign of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the Vice and Virtue Ministry set and inforced the moral standards for the society. Utilizing a squad of over 30,000 men, shopkeepers were forced to close during prayer time, video and cassette tapes were banned, television and kite-flying were outlawed, and schools for females were shut down. The squads openly harassed women if their head-to-toe burqa veils revealed skin and men if their beards did not meet the required length..
Virtue ethics - Virtue ethics In philosophy, the phrase virtue ethics refers to ethical systems that focus primarily on what sort of person one should try to be. Thus, one of the aims of virtue ethics is to offer an account of the sort of characteristics a virtuous person has. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Virtue ethics contrasted with deontology and consequentialism 2 Historical origins 3 Aristotle's theory of the virtues 4 Virtues ethics outside the Western tradition 5 Contemporary virtue ethics 6 Related entries 7.
Virtues of Ultima - of Ultima The Ultima series of games featured a Virtue system that the player was required to follow in the game as the Avatar. These virtues were based on the codes of Chivalry and the Paths of Buddhism and consisted of the following system: Virtue Principles Towns associated Mantra Player Class Dungeon Color Notes Compassion Pure Love Britain, Cove Mu Bard Despise Yellow Britain is the original town of Compassion, Cove is nearest the shrine. Honesty Pure Truth Moonglow Ahm Mage Deceit Blue Honor Courage, Truth Trinsic Summ Paladin Shame Purple Humility N/a. (New) Magincia, Paws Lum Shepherd Hythloth Grey Magincia was destroyed by demons for its Pride (Pride's mantra is Mul). New Magincia, built in its ruins, was founded on Humility. Justice Love, Truth Yew Beh Druid Wrong Green Self-Sacrifice.
