Vocative case - Vocative case The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed, found in Latin among other languages. In Latin the vocative case of a noun is the same as the nominative, except for masculine singular second declension nouns. An example would be the famous line from Shakespeare, "Et tu, Brute?" (And you, Brutus?, commonly translated as You too, Brutus?), where "Brute" is the vocative case, whilst "Brutus" would be the nominative case. When Latin names are translated into English, the nominative case is usually used. In English the vocative case is not marked, but English syntax performs a similar function; witness: "John, could you come here?" or "I don't think so, John", where "John" is neither subject nor object of.
Vocative - Vocative A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence. For example, in the sentence, "I don't know, John.", John is a vocative expression indicating the party who is being addressed. Some languages (e.g., Greek) have a special vocative case for this; others do not. English simply uses the subjective case for vocative expressions but sets them off from the rest of the sentences with pauses (rendered in writing as commas). A vocative expression is interjective and can occur in any clause, irrespective of mood. Some examples... Good morning, class! Don't forget your swimming trunks, George. Hey, George, did you remember to bring your swimming trunks? No, Bob, I forgot..
Genitive case - Genitive case The genitive case is a form of a noun that indicates the possessive case of a noun, i.e. the object that the noun is referencing is owning or possessing some other object. Several languages have genitive cases, including Latin, Greek, German, Russian, Finnish and Sanskrit. Compare nominative case, accusative case, dative case, ablative case, vocative case, ergative case. In modern English, only pronouns have a distinct genitive declination (my/mine, his/hers/its, our/ours, their/theirs.) It is a common misconception that English nouns have a genitive case, marked by the possessive " 's " ending. Linguists however have shown that the English possessive is no longer a case at all, but has become a clitic, an independent particle which however is always written and pronounced as part of.
Ergative case - Ergative case Two major case systems found in languages are the nominative-accusative and the ergative-absolutive. The ergative-absolutive system is the inverse of the nominative-accusative system, and Ergative case is assigned to: 1. The subject of a transitive verb. as opposed to the absolutive case which is assigned to: 1. The subject of an intransitive verb. 2. The object of a transitive verb. To illustrate, first consider German: Der Mann ist gekommen. "The man arrived." Der Mann hat den Knaben gesehen. "The man saw the boy." In both of these, der Mann stands in the "der" or "nominative" case, while der Knabe stands instead in the "den" or "accusative" case. This kind of system is called a "nominative-accusative" system, or an "accusative" system for short. This is the.
Dative case - Dative case Dative is a grammatical case for a noun. Dative marks, generally, the indirect object of a verb. Dative cases are found in Latin, Old English, and German among other languages. Compare nominative case, accusative case, ergative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case. While dative case is no longer a part of the English grammar, it survives in a few set expressions. One good example is the word methinks, with the meaning "it seems to me". It survives in this fixed form from the days of Old English (having undergone, however, phonetical changes with the rest of the language), in which it was constructed as me (the dative case of the personal pronoun) + thinks ("to seem", a verb closely related to the verb "to.
Ablative case - Ablative case The ablative case is a case found in Latin and Sanskrit. The Latin ablative combines the Indo-European ablative (indicating "from"), instrumental (indicating "with" or "by") and locative (indicating "in") cases. From these original meanings several others developed, including the ablative of cause (indicating "caused by"), the ablative of time (indicating "at the time of", deriving from the locative), and the ablative absolute. In Latin, the ablative case has absorbed the functions of the old instrumental case and the former locative case. The ablative absolute construction in Latin, bane of many students, is a development from these uses of the ablative. In the Finnish language (Suomi), it is the sixth of the locative cases with the basic meaning "from off of" - a poor English equivalent,.
Accusative case - Accusative case The accusative case of a noun is the case used to mark the direct object of a verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions. The accusative case exists (or existed once) in all the Indo-European languages (including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Russian), and the Finno-Ugric languages. English, which lacks declension in its nouns, has an explicitly marked accusative case in a few pronouns (e.g. "whom" is the accusative case of "who", and "him" is the accusative case of "he"). (Contrast with dative case, the indirect object.) Note: who/whom and he/him are not only examples of nominative/accusative relationships in English, but also of nominative/dative. (Consider: I gave him the present, etc.) (In Old English, they were.
Possessive case - Possessive case Possesive case is a case that exists in some languages used for possession. It is not the same as the genitive case, though the two have proximal meanings in many languages. There are many types of possession, but a common distinction is alienable versus inalienable possession. Alienability refers to the ability to dissociate something from its parent -- in this case, a quality from its owner. When something is inalienably possessed, it is usually an attribute: for example, John's big nose is inalienably possessed, because it cannot (without surgery) be removed from John -- it's simply a quality he has. In contrast, 'my briefcase' is alienably possessed -- it can be separated from me. Many languages make this distinction in some way. Saying something like.
Oblique case - Oblique case In linguistics, an oblique case is a noun case that is used generally when a noun is the predicate of a sentence or a preposition. An oblique case can appear in any case relationship except the nominative case of a sentence subject or the vocative case of direct address. It contrasts also with an ergative case, used in ergative languages for nouns that are direct actors; in ergative languages, the same case is used for a direct object, and for the subject of a sentence where the subject is being passively described, rather than performing an action. In Indo-European languages, oblique cases often appear as the result of the simplification of the original, more complex system of noun cases shared by the historical Indo-European languages..
Nominative case - Nominative case Nominative is a grammatical case for a noun. Nominative marks, generally, the subject of a verb. Nominative cases are found in Latin and Old English, among other languages. English still retains some nominative pronouns, as opposed to the accusative case: I (accusative me), we (accusative us), he (accusative him), she (accusative her), you (archaic accusative ye) and they (accusative them). An archaic usage is the singular second-person pronoun thou (accusative thee). Compare accusative case, dative case, ergative case, genitive case, vocative case, ablative case..
Fuck - Noun 3.3 Interjection 3.4 Participle 4 History of usage and censorship 5 Etymology 6 Related Topics 7 Further Reference 8 External Links Writing In situations where using or mentioning the word directly may be considered inappropriate, people often Bowdlerize it, replacing it with the f-word, frig, freak, f*ck, f-u!, or f***. In software contexts, fsck, fuk, fark and f2k are also used. In the formerly British Caribbean nations it is sometimes spelled fock. In the TV series Farscape, characters use the word frell. In the Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy trilogy, it is sometimes replaced with zark (and in one case, Belgium). In the Judge Dredd universe, it is replaced with drokk. Characters on the BBC television series Red Dwarf were known to utter smeg as an epithet, clearly intended as.
English grammar - noun phrases, which are head-final: blue house (adjective + noun) Fred's cat (possessive + noun) Leading to a sentence like: "Fred's sister ran quickly to the store". As can be inferred from this example, the sequence of a basic sentence (ignoring articles and other determiners) is: Adjective1 - Subject - Verb - Adverb - Adjective2 - Direct.Object - Adjective3 - Indirect.Object. Changes in word order are used in interrogative sentences ("Did you go to the store?"), changes from active to passive voice ("The car was bought by John"), and lexical or grammatical emphasis (topicalization). Nouns In English, nouns generally describe persons, places, things, and abstract ideas, and are treated as grammatically distinct from verbs. English nouns, in general, are not marked for case. Nouns are, however, marked for number and definiteness..
Declension - older declined form of English still exist (e.g. the words "who" and "whom"). In inflected languages, nouns are said to decline into different forms, or morphological cases. Morphological cases are one way of indicating grammatical case; other ways are listed below. Languages are categorized into several case systems, based on how they group verb agents and patients into cases: Nominative-accusative: The agent of a verb is always in the nominative case. The patient, if one is specified, is in the accusative case. Ergative-absolutive: The patient of a verb is always in the absolutive case. The agent, if one is specified, is in the ergative case. Active: The agent of a verb is always in the subject case, and the patient is always in the object case. The case does not depend.
Sanskrit - - father i - pin ii - tweak u - push uu - moo r^i = r + i long r^i = r + ii or r + uu, depending on the region l^i = l + r^i (Sanskrit recognizes vocalic r (errr) and l (ulll), unlike, say, English) Diphthongs (Combinations of Simple Vowels) e - hay ai - aisle o - snow au - pow Vowels can be nasalized. Consonants Sanskrit has a voiceless, voiceless aspirate, voiced, voiced aspirate, and nasal stop at each of the following places of articulation: Velar (soft palate) (k, kh, g, gh, n as in ing) Palatal (hard palate) (c, ch, j, jh, ~n) Retroflex (roughly the place of articulation of English alveolars like t, but with the tongue curled back) (t, th, d, dh,.
Romanian language - Australia and New Zealand. Country Population Romanian native speakers Percentage Notes Romania 21,698,181 19,420,000 89.5% Official language Moldova 4,430,654 3,483,600 64.5% Official language Russia 145,537,200 1,019,000 0.7% many are Moldavians that were deported to Siberia Ukraine 48,055,439 385,000 0.8% in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia Serbia 10,662,087 200,000 - 500,000 0.5% - 4.6% in Voivodina Israel 10,138,844 250,000 4.2% Germany 83,251,851 150,000 0.2% United States 281,421,906 100,000 0.03% Hungary 10,138,844 71,000 0.7% Canada 32,207,113 60,520 0.2% Official status Romanian is official in Romania and Moldova, where it is named "Moldovan language". In other countries (excepting Hungary) the Romanian minority has very few rights regarding the use of their language in schools and institutions. Dialects Romanian has four dialects: Daco-Romanian - generally referred as Romanian - spoken North of Danube Aromanian -.
Latin - classification of living things. Latin has an extensive flectional system, which mainly operates by appending strings to a fixed stem. Inflection of nouns and adjectives is termed "declension", that of verbs, "conjugation". There are five declensions of nouns, and four conjugations for verbs. The six noun forms (or "cases") are nominative (used for subjects), genitive (show possession), dative (indirect objects), accusative (direct objects, some prepositions), ablative (used with some prepositions), and vocative (used to address someone). In addition, there exists in some nouns a locative case used to express place (normally expressed by the ablative with a preposition such as IN), but this hold-over from Indo-European is only found in the names of lakes, cities, towns, similar locales, and a few other words. Romance languages are not derived from Classical Latin.
Latin declension - accusative (direct object) ablative (expresses the means or tools by which one accomplishes something) vocative (used for addressing another person in direct speech, usually identical to nominative) locative (archaic; used to show location in cities, towns, and small islands, and the nouns rus, domus, and humus.) Note: Neuter nouns of all declension classes share two properties: The forms for nominative and accusative singular are identical. The forms for nominative and accusative plural are identical, and they always end in -a. Since this behavior tends to obscure the situation, neuter paradigm words were generally avoided (though this isn't always possible). Neuter pronouns do not always follow the second of these rules, but they do follow the first. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Noun declensions 2 Adjective declensions 3 Pronoun declensions Noun declensions.
Latin grammar - have in the modern Romance languages today), haec, ea, id, is etc. Nouns and Adjectives All adjectives must agree with the noun it describes in number, case and gender. All nouns are either feminine, masculine, or neuter. Genders are grammatical, and do not necessarily correspond to the sex of the object. There are 5 declensions. Most nouns in the 1st are feminine, most in the 2nd are masculine and neuter (usually destinguished by the m. -us and n. -um endings), 3rd can either be masculine, feminine, or neuter, 4th is either masculine or feminine, and 5th is usually feminine with some masculine. Basically, you will have to learn the gender of each noun independently. For each noun, make sure you know which declension it is in, in order to decline it,.
List of linguistic topics - if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please do update the page accordingly. See also Linguistics basic topics for a pared-down list. List of linguists List of cognitive science topics. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A abbreviation - abessive case - ablaut - absolutive case - accusative case - acute accent - accent - acronym - adessive case - adjective - adverb - affix - affricate consonant - agglutination - agglutinative language - allative case - allomorph - allophone - alphabet - analytic language - anaphora - anthropological linguistics - alveolar consonant - antonym - approximant - article.
Kitsch - practice of art making, and there was a blurring between high and low culture. This often led to poorly made or poorly conceived artworks being accepted as high art. Often art which was found to be kitsch showed technical talent, such as in creating accurate representations, but lacked good taste. Secondly, the subjects and images presented in Academic art, though original in their first expression, were disseminated to the public in the form of prints and postcards--which was often actively encouraged by the artists--and these images were endlessly copied in kitschified form until they became well known cliches. The avant garde reacted to these developments by separating itself from the aspects of art such as pictoral representation and harmony that were appreciated by the public, in order to make a stand.
