War and Peace in Russia, 1796-1825 - War and Peace in Russia, 1796-1825 War and Peace in Russia, 1796-1825 covers the period of Russian history following the death of Catherine the Great. Russia became entangled in several wars during this period, and was almost occupied by Napoleon. Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Paul (r. 1796-1801) succeeded her. Painfully aware that Catherine had planned to bypass him and name his son, Alexander, as tsar, Paul instituted primogeniture in the male line as the basis for succession. It was one of the few lasting reforms of Paul's brief reign. He also chartered a Russian-American company, which eventually led to Russia's acquisition of Alaska. Paul was haughty and unstable, and he frequently reversed his previous decisions, creating administrative chaos and accumulating enemies. As.
Imperial Russia - Imperial Russia This article is part of the History of Russia series. Early Russian East Slavs Kievan Rus' Khazaria Muscovy Mongol invasion of Russia Imperial Russia Russian Revolution Russian Civil War Soviet Union Collapse of the Soviet Union Commonwealth of Independent States History of post-communist Russia List of famous Russians The Russian Empire (or Imperial Russia) covers the period of Russian history from the expansion of the state of Muscovy under Peter the Great into the Russian Empire stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposition of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start of the Russian Revolution in 1917. This period is also regarded by many as the Russian Empire, however many also consider the Soviet Union to have been.
Finnish War - Finnish War The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. As a result of the war Finland became an autonomous grand duchy under the Russian tzar. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Background 2 The war 3 Battles 4 Major commanders 5 Aftermath Background In the treaty of Tilsit in 1807 Napoleon and the Russian tzar Alexander I decided that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System. The war On February 21, 1808 Russian troops crossed the border. At the same time southern Sweden was threatened by an attack from Denmark. The plan of the Swedish army under Johan Adam Cronstedt was to retreat into Ostrobothnia leaving only the strongly fortified Sveaborg behind. The fort surrendered although there was.
List of Russians - Prize Winner Anton Chekhov (1860 - 1904), playwright, The Cherry Orchard, Three Sisters, The Seagull Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821 - 1881), Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment Ilya Gregoryevich Ehrenburg (1891 - 1947), novelist and WWII war correspondent Nikolai Gogol (1809 - 1852), author, Dead Souls Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov (1812 - 1891), Oblomov Maxim Gorky (1868 - 1936), novelist, My Universities Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (1814 - 1841), poet, author and painter Nikolai Leskov (1831 - 1895), storyteller, novelist, and journalist Nikolai Ogaryov (1813 - 1877), author Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), linguistic reformer Vladimir Nabokov (1899 - 1977), wrote first in Russian, then in English, author of Lolita Boris Pasternak (1890 - 1960), refused Nobel Prize, Doctor Zhivago Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, (1799 - 1837), Russian poet Alexander Radishchev (1749-1802), social critic Mikhail.
History of Baden, Germany - Baden-Hochberg and Baden-Sausenberg. The family of Baden-Baden was very successful in increasing the area of its holdings, which after several divisions were united by the margrave Bernard I in 1391. Bernard, a soldier of some renown, continued the work of his predecessors, and obtained other districts, including Baden-Hochberg, the ruling family of which died out in 1418. During the 13th century, a war with the count palatine of the Rhine deprived the Margrave Charles I (died 1475) of a part of his territories, but these losses were more than repaired by his son and successor, Christopher I of Baden. In 1503 the family Baden-Sausenberg became extinct, and the whole of Baden was united by Christopher, who divided it, however, before his death in 1527 among his three sons. One of these.
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies - the Two Sicilies King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825) (reigned 1816 - 1825), also known as King Ferdinand IV of Naples (reigned 1759- ) and as King Ferdinand III of Sicily, was the third son of King Carlo VII of Naples and Sicily (afterwards Charles III of Spain). Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Childhood 2 Reign 3 French occupation 4 Third coalition 5 Children 6 Bibliography Childhood Ferdinand was born in Naples. When his father ascended the Spanish throne in 1759, Ferdinand, in accordance with the treaties forbidding the union of the two crowns, succeeded him as king of Naples, under a regency presided over by the Tuscan Bernardo Tanucci. The latter, an able, ambitious man, wishing to keep the government as much.
August von Gneisenau - his family in Austria, he entered as an officer the service of the margrave of Bayreuth-Ansbach. With one of that prince's mercenary regiments in British pay he saw active service and gained valuable experience in the War of American Independence, and returning in 1786, applied for Prussian service. Frederick the Great gave him a commission as first lieutenant in the infantry. Made Stabskapitän in 1790, Gneisenau served in Poland, 1793 - 1794. Subsequently to this, ten years of quiet garrison life in Jauer enabled him to undertake a wide range of military studies. In 1796 he married Caroline von Kottwitz. In 1806 he served as one of Hohenlohe's staff-officers, fought at Jena, and a little later commanded a provisional infantry brigade which fought under Lestocq in the Lithuanian campaign. Early in.
List of people by name: Pa-Pd - television personality Paasikivi, Juho Kusti, (1870-1956), president of Finland Pab Pablo, Augustus, (died 1999), Jamaican reggae singer Pac Paca, William, US governor Pacal I (died 612), King of Palenque Pacal II "The Great (603-683) King of Palenque Pace, Norman, (born 1953), actor, comic Pachauri, R.K, engineer Pacheco Calvente, Jessica, (1993-2004), crime victim Pachelbel, Johann, (1653-1706), German composer Pachelbel, William Hieronymous (1685-1764), composer Pachomius Pachomius II, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople Pachomius I, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople Pacini, Giovanni, (1796-1867), Italian composer, opera composer Pacino, Al, (born 1940), Italian-American actor Packard, David, (1912-1996), engineer Packard, James, (1863-1928), automobile pioneer Packard, Vance, (1914-1996), American author on media manipulation Pack, Robert, poet Pad Padalka, Gennady, astronaut Paddick, Brian, British police commander Paddick, Hugh, (1915-2000), British actor Paddock, Charlie, (born 1900), American athlete Padel, Ruth, poet.
Karl Philipp, prince zu Schwarzenberg - vigorously supported by twleve British squadrons, broke a whole corps of the French, killed and wounded 3000 men, and brought off 32 of the enemy's guns. He was immediately decorated with the cross of the Maria Theresa order. After taking part in the battles of Amberg and Würzburg in 1796 he was raised to the rank of major-general, and in 1799 he was promoted lieutenant field marshal. At the defeat of Hohenlinden in 1800 his promptitude and courage saved the right wing of the Austrian army from destruction, and he was afterwards entrusted by the archduke Charles with the command of the rearguard. In the war of 1805 he held command of a division under Mack, and when Ulm was surrounded by Napoleon in October he was one of the brave.
History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union - History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Historical background 2 Tsarist background 3 The Bolshevik Revolution and the curtailment of the Pogroms 4 Assimilation into Soviet society 5 The status of the Jews in the Marxist state 6 Repression of the Jewish Labor Bund, Soviet anti-Zionism 7 Stalin and allegations of anti-Semitism 8 Anti-Zionism and the Cold War 9 Assimilation and diminishing cultural cohesiveness 10 The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel 11 Anti-Semitism in Russia today 12 References Historical background After the fall of Khazar empire in the 11th century, and the wave of pogroms in the countries of Western Europe that marked the ending centuries of Middle Ages, the main bulk of Jewish population moved to.
Alexander I of Russia - Alexander I of Russia Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov or Tsar Alexander I (The Blessed), (Александр I Павлович) (1777 - 1825), Emperor of Russia (reigned 1801 - 1825), son of the Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, afterwards Paul I of Russia, and Maria Fedorovna, daughter of Frederick Eugene of Württemberg was born on December 28, 1777. The strange contradictions of his character make Alexander one of the most interesting as he is one of the most important figures in the history of the 19th century. Autocrat and "Jacobin", man of the world and mystic, he appeared to his contemporaries as a riddle which each read according to his own temperament. Napoleon I thought him a "shifty Byzantine", and called him the Talma of the North, as ready to play any.
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh - of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, a landowner who was created an earl and subsequently a marquess by King George III of the United Kingdom. Robert Stewart the younger took the courtesy title of Viscount Castlereagh in 1796 when his father was promoted to the rank of earl. Thus, is generally known to history as Lord Castlereagh. The title of viscount was not officially inherited, but he became briefly the 2nd Marquess of Londonderry in the peerage of Ireland on the death of his father in 1821. After serving in various junior positions in the Pitt and Addington governments, Castlereagh became Secretary of State for War and the Colonies in the Duke of Portland's administration in 1807. In that role he became involved in disputes with Foreign Secretary George Canning.
Peter III of Russia - Peter III of Russia Peter III (February 21, 1728 - July 17, 1762) (Russian name Pyotr III Fyodorovitch (Петр III Федорович)) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. He was mentally weak and very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader. He was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy led by his wife, who succeeded him to the throne as Catherine II. Peter was born in Kiel. His parents were Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna, a daughter of Emperor Peter the Great of Russia and his second wife, Catherine I (a former Latvian peasant, Martha Skavronskaya). In 1739, Peter's father died, and he became Duke of Holstein-Gottorp as Karl Peter Ulrich. Two years later, Karl Peter Ulrich's aunt Elizabeth, became.
Napoleonic Wars - against France had been the first attempt to crush republicanism. It was defeated by the French efforts - levée en masse, military reform, total war. The Second Coalition (1798-1801) of Russia, Britain, Austria, The Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and the Vatican against France was no more effective. Napoleon Bonaparte had come to control the French state since 1796. But he was unable to invade Britain directly, so boldly offered a double threat, invading Egypt in the summer of 1798 and mounting another expedition to Ireland. The French fleet was defeated by Horatio Nelson in the Battle of the Nile (August 1) at Aboukir (Abu Qir) and the Irish problem was quickly contained. Napoleon was trapped in Egypt and the old members of the First Coalition, excluding Prussia, quickly took advantage of.
Jean-François de la Harpe - stage he produced Les Barmecides (1778), Philoctete, Jeanne de Naples (1781), Les Brames (1783), Coriolan (1784), Virginie (1786). In 1786 he began a course of literature at the newly-established Lycee. In these lectures, published as the Cours de litterature ancienne et moderne, La Harpe is at his best, for he found a standpoint more or less independent of contemporary polemics. He is said to be inexact in dealing with the ancients, and he had only a superficial knowledge of the middle ages, but he is excellent in his analysis of 17th century writers. Sainte-Beuve found in him the best critic of the French school of tragedy, which reached its perfection in Racine. La Harpe was a disciple of the "philosophes"; he supported the extreme party through the excesses of I792 and.
History of Bavaria - dukedom belongs to the Agilolfing family, the duke must be chosen by the people and his election confirmed by the Frankish king, to whom he owes fealty. The duke has a fivefold weregild, summons the nobles and clergy for purposes of deliberation, calls out the host, administers justice and regulates finance. Five noble families exist, possibly representing former divisions of the people. Subordinate to the nobles we find the freeborn, and then the freedmen. The law divides the country into gaits or counties, under their counts, assisted by judges responsible for declaring the law. Christianity had lingered in Bavaria from Roman times; but a new era set in when Rupert, bishop of Worms, came to the county at the invitation of Duke Theodo I in 696. He founded several monasteries, as.
Jacques Lauriston - Pondicherry. He obtained his first commission about 1786, served with the artillery and on the staff in the earlier Revolutionary campaigns, and became brigadier of artillery in 1795. Resigning in 1796, he was brought back into the service in 1800 as aide-de-camp to Napoleon, with whom as a cadet Lauriston had been on friendly terms. In the years immediately preceding the first empire Lauriston was successively director of the Le Fere artillery school and special envoy to Denmark, and he was selected to convey to England the ratification of the peace of Amiens (1802). In 1805, having risen to the rank of general of division, he took part in the war against Austria. He occupied Venice and Ragusa in 1806, was made governor-general of Venice in 1807, took part in the.
Joseph Fouché - had not taken. After the downfall of the monarchy on August 10, 1792, he was elected as deputy for the department of the Lower Loire to the National Convention which met at the autumnal equinox and proclaimed the republic. Fouché's interests brought him into touch with Condorcet and the party, or group, of the Girondists; but their vacillation at the time of the trial and execution of Louis XVI (December 1792 - January 21, 1793) led him to take up the cause of the Jacobins, the less scrupulous champions of revolutionary doctrine. On the question of the execution of the king, Fouché, after some preliminary hesitations, was strongly in favour of immediate execution, and denounced those who wavered. The crisis which resulted from the declaration of war by the Convention against.
Hans Karl Friedrich Anton, count von Diebitsch - Berlin cadet school, but by the desire of his father, a Prussian officer who had passed into the service of Russia, he also did the same in 1801. He served in the campaign of 1805, and was wounded at Austerlitz, fought at Eylau and Friedland, and after Friedland was promoted captain. During the next five years of peace he devoted himself to the study of military science, engaging once more in active service in the War of 1812. He distinguished himself very greatly in Wittgenstein's campaign, and in particular at Polotzk (October 18 and 19), after which combat he was raised to the rank of major-general. In the latter part of the campaign he served against the Prussian contingent of General Yorck (von Wartenburg), with whom, through Clausewitz, he negotiated the.
Heinrich Friedrich Karl, baron von und zum Stein - the career of the law. Next, after a stay at each of the chief South German capitals, he settled at Regensburg (Ratisbon) in order to observe the methods of the Imperial diet. In 1779 he went to Vienna, gave himself up to the gay life of that capital, and then proceeded to Berlin early in 1780. There his admiration for Frederick the Great, together with his distaste for the pettiness of the legal procedure at Wetzlar, impelled him to take service under the Prussian monarch. He was fortunate in gaining an appointment in the department of mines and manufactures, for at the head of this office was an able and intelligent administrator, Heinitz, who helped him to master the principles of economics and civil government. In June 1785 he was sent.
