Kukai - sent to university were he studied the Chinese_classics, became acquainted with Tantric_Buddhism. In particular he had discovered the Dainichikyo, or Maha Vairochana Sutra. However he was unable to a suitable teacher to explain it to him. In 804 he travelled managed to be included in a diplomatic mission to China, perhaps with the help of the Emperor Kanmu. In Ch'ang-an he studied Sanskrit and met his teacher Hui-kuo who gave him tantric initiation and taught him the esoteric doctrines contained in the Dainichikyo. Hui-Kuo decided to make Kūkai his successor, but asked him to return to Japan and teach the esoteric doctrines there for the benefit of the Japanese people. He returned to Japan with many scriptures and art objects. Kūkai returned to a new emperor, Heizei, who showed little interest.
Abbreviation - particular collocations of letters represented by somewhat arbitrary symbols. The commonest form of abbreviation is the substitution for a word of its initial letter; but, with a view to prevent ambiguity, one or more of the other letters are frequently added. In some languages, letters are often doubled to indicate a plural or a superlative. In modern English there are several conventions in use for abbreviations and it may not be clear which one is best. Publishers sometimes express their preferences in a style guide. Some of the questions which may arise: Upper or lower case letters? If the original word was capitalised, then the first letter of its abbreviation will also be capital, e.g., U.S. for United States. But when abbreviating lower case letters, there is no clear guide. Usage.
Education in the People's Republic of China - and Admission Criteria 5.10.2 Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies 5.10.3 Scholarship and Loan System 5.10.4 Study Abroad 5.11 Educational Investment 6 Teachers 7 Adult education 7.12 Role in Modernization 7.13 Alternative Forms 7.14 Literacy and Language Reform 8 See also 9 References Education policy During the Cultural Revolution, higher education in particular suffered tremendous losses; the system was shut down, and a rising generation of college and graduate students, academicians and technicians, professionals and teachers, was lost. The result was a lack of trained talent to meet the needs of society, an irrationally structured higher education system unequal to the needs of the economic and technological boom, and an uneven development in secondary technical and vocational education. In the post-Mao period, China's education policy continued to evolve. The pragmatist leadership,.
List of China-related topics - (or one that should not be here but is), please do update the page accordingly. Misc 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Wikipedia discussions/working pages See Wikipedia:History standards for China-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style for China-related articles Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese) for guidelines on how to correctly name Chinese related articles. Those standards should be followed to provide a uniform title format. Talk:China for a general Q&A on China. Talk:Transcription of Chinese for transcribing and romanization (or, more specifically, pinyinization) in Chinese articles. Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese characters Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese provinces for a project of formating Chines province articles similar to WikiProject U.S. States and WikiProject French departements Wikipedia:WikiProject Chinese provinces/Status for current.
Tibetan language - Tibetan language zh-cn:藏语 The Tibetan language, called Poe-Skey in the native tongue, is spoken by approximately 5-7 million Tibetan people in the Tibetan Plateau. There are also approximately 150,000 exile speakers. It belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan linguistic family, which means that it is a distant relative of the Chinese languages. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Styles 2 Dialects 3 Writing 4 Grammar 5 Evolution of Styles 6 Phonetics 7 Studies Styles P'al-skcfd: The vernacular speech. Rje-sa ("polite respectful speech"): the formal spoken style. Ch'os-skad ("book language"): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written. The difference between P'al-skcfd and Ch'os-skad can be compared to that of Vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese. Dialects It is not a uniform speech,.
Numbers in various languages - a table of the numbers 0 through 10 in a sample of the languages and writings of the world. Language 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Indo-European languages ---- Germanic languages ---- English zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Dutch nul een twee drie vier vijf zes zeven acht negen tien German null eins zwei drei vier fünf sechs sieben acht neun zehn Swedish noll en (ett) två tre fyra fem sex sju åtta nio tio Italic and Romance languages ---- Latin unus duo tres quattuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem Catalan zero un dos tres quatre cinc sis set vuit nou deu French zéro un deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix Italian zero uno due tre.
Malay language - Malay language The Malay language also known locally as "Bahasa Melayu" is the mother tongue of the Malay people who are native to the Malay peninsula, southern Thailand, Singapore and parts of Sumatra. It is the official language of Malaysia, and Brunei, and one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is also used as a working language in East Timor. The official standard for Malay, as agreed upon by Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, is Bahasa Riau, the language of the Riau Archipelago, long considered the birthplace of the Malay language. In Malaysia, it is known as Bahasa Malaysia or Malaysian language, even though it is, in fact, Malay. Similarly, Indonesia adopted a form of Malay as its official language upon independence, naming it Bahasa Indonesia..
Korean Buddhism - the attention of Western scholarship rather late compared with Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, it still lies, with its deep store of untouched resources, almost fully open for exploration. And while early ignorance regarding the Korean Buddhist tradition lent to some degree of uninformed glossing over from preconceptions drawn from models in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, scholars of East Asian Buddhism nowadays are generally becoming aware of the important role of Korean Buddhism in the East Asian religious/philosophical sphere. The most distinctive general characteristic that can be seen in the Korean Buddhist tradition is the tendency for its most noted thinkers to be holistic in the interpretation of doctrine and to be exasperatingly thorough in the resolution of doctrinal and "loose ends" passed on from Buddhist predecessors. Korean scholars and monks not.
Esperanto - first work on the subject, and literally means "one who hopes". Zamenhof, a Jewish oculist from Bialystok, Poland, published the Unua Libro (first book) of the language in 1887 after working on it for about ten years (see Esperanto history). His intention was to create an easy-to-learn language, to serve as an international auxiliary language, a second language for everyone in the world, rather than to replace all existing languages in the world. Some Esperanto speakers still want this, but most just want to meet foreigners and learn about other countries and cultures. Today, thousands of people use it regularly to communicate with people all over the world. Esperanto has proven to be a good deal easier for speakers of European languages to learn as a second language than any national.
Ethics in religion - divine sources, ethics is studied as a branch of theology. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Greek and Roman religious ethics 2 Ethics in the Bible 3 Jewish ethics 4 Ethics in the Apocrypha 5 Christian ethics 5.1 Criticism of Christian ethics 6 Hindu ethics 7 Buddhist ethics 7.2 Criticism of Buddhist Ethics 8 Chinese traditional ethics 9 Islamic ethics 10 Shinto ethics 11 Animist ethics Greek and Roman religious ethics This section will deal with classical Greek and Roman religion, and its relationship with classical Greek and Roman ethics. (Please contribute to this section!) The classical Greek and Roman notions of ethics heavily influenced the Mediterranean and European world, from ancient times, to the enlightenment, to today. Ethics in the Bible Western philosophical works on ethics were written in a culture.
Zhan Guo Ce - Ce Zhan Guo Ce (simplified Chinese: 战国策, traditional Chinese: 戰國策, pinyin: zhàn guó cè) (ZGC) was a renowned ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period compiled in late Western Han Dynasty by Liu Xiang (劉向). It is an important literature in the research of Warring States Period as it accounts the strategies and political views of the school of negotiations and reveals the historical and social characteristics of the period. Alternative English titles include Zhanguoce, Stratagems of the Warring States, Intrigues of the Warring States, Chronicles of the Warring States, Records of the Warring States, Record of the Warring States, Annals of the Warring States, The Strategies of the Warring States, Strategies of the Warring States, Strategics of the Warring States, Collection of Strategies of the Warring States, Book.
Will (law) - gift of personalty only, a gift of real estate being called a devise. The Roman will spoke from the time of making; the English speaks from the time of death. This difference becomes very important in case of alteration in the position of the testator between the making of the will and his death, As a rule the Roman will could not, the English can, pass after-acquired property. Liberty of alienation by will is found at an early period in England. To judge from the words of a law of Canute, intestacy appears to have been the exception at that time. How far the liberty extended is uncertain; it is the opinion of some atithorities that complete disposition of land and goods was allowed, of others that limited rights of wife.
Next Magazine - Next Magazine (壹週刊) is a Chinese language weekly general interest magazine based in Hong Kong. It is owned by Next Media Limited established by Hong Kong entrepreneur Jimmy Lai (黎智英). The motto of the magazine is "Don't Put on Airs: Just Seek the Truth". Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 General 2 Structure of the magazine 3 Audience 4 Readership 5 Style & Political Position 6 Strategies in outwitting other Chinese magazines 7 Significant controversies 8 Online Version 9 Next Media Network 10 Major Competitor 11 Awards 12 Major court cases involved (Citations) 13 Contact 14 See also 15 External Links 16 Articles General First published on March 15, 1990, Next Magazine is said to be the most popular magazine in Hong Kong nowadays. It is now published every Thursday at HK$20.
North Korea - 공화국 Chosun Minchu'chui Inmin Konghwa'guk (In Detail) National motto: One is sure to win if he believes in and depends upon the people Official language Korean Capital P'yŏngyang President, Supreme People's Assembly Presidium Kim Yong-nam1 Chairman, National Defense Commission Kim Jong-il2 Premier Pak Pong-ju Area - Total - % water Ranked 97th 120,540 km² 0.1% Population - Total (2002) - Density Ranked 49th 22,224,195 182.25/km² Independence - Date From Japan August 15, 1945 Currency North Korean won Time zone UTC +9 National anthem A ch'im un pinnara, i kangsan ungum e Internet TLD None (.KP is reserved) Calling Code 850 (1) Kim Yong-nam is the de facto head of state; Kim Il-sung is "eternal president" (2) Kim Jong Il is the most powerful figure in the DPRK; the Chairman of the.
Medicine - Medical sciences and medical professions 2.1 Basic, supplementary and related sciences 2.2 Diagnostic and imaging specialties 2.3 Disciplines of clinical medicine 3 Teaching of medicine 4 Legal restrictions 5 Institutions in medicine 6 Related topics 7 See also 8 Entries not yet sorted History of medicine History of medicine -- Timeline of medicine and medical technology Museums & Collections of Health & Medicine Medical sciences and medical professions Medicine has both its foundational sciences, and specialized branches dealing with particular organs or diseases. The foundational sciences of medicine frequently overlap with other areas of science (such as veterinary science, biology or chemistry). The primary medical professions are those of physicians and surgeons. Both professions have many specializations and subspecializations (see below). Dentistry and clinical psychology are separate from medicine in a.
Jiu jitsu - In A Name? Jujutsu, jujitsu, jiu jitsu - there are a wide range of spellings used in English for this Japanese martial art. In the native Japanese, jujutsu is written in kanji, Chinese idiograms, but the romanization of the Japanese word into the English language has been performed several times using several different systems since Japan was forced out of isolation in 1854 by the United States. Jujutsu, the current standard, is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the century, however, jiujitsu and then jujitsu were preferred. Since this corresponded to a period of time when Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West, these earlier spellings are still common in many places, though the romanization of the second kanji as jitsu is.
Hunmin jeong-eum (document) - October 1446, Hunmin jeong-eum (Hunmin chŏng'um) (훈민정음 訓民正音) ("The Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People") was promulgated to the Korean people the existence of an entirely new and native script, which was initially named after the publication, but later came to be known as Han-geul. It was written by King Sejong the Great and scholars of the Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon). Its supposed publication date, October 9, is now Hangul Day in South Korea. It is a basic text that contains a preface, the alphabet letters (jamo), and brief descriptions of their corresponding sounds. It is later supplemented by a longer document called Hunmin jeong-eum haerye. To distinguish it from its supplement, Hunmin jeong-eum is sometimes called the Samples and Significance Edition of Hunmin jeong-eum (훈민정음예의본 ; 訓民正音例義本). The.
Tongyong Pinyin - official romanization of the Chinese language adopted by the national government (although not all local governments) of the Republic of China (on Taiwan) since late 2000, announced by the Mandarin Promotion Council of the Ministry of Education. Tongyong Pinyin is the successor of MPS II. Like all previous ROC official romanizations, it is based on the official Chinese dialect of Mandarin. Created by Yu Bor-chuan (余伯泉 Yu Boquan) in 1998, Tongyong Pinyin has been modified several times since. Around 90% of the Tongyong Pinyin syllables are spelled identical to those of Mainland China's Hanyu Pinyin, mainly with a few consonants changed. Notable features of Tongyong Pinyin are: Hanyu j remains as such, but Hanyu zh becomes jh (Wade-Giles uses ch) While Hanyu s and c remains as such, Hanyu x and.
Transcription (linguistics) - Transcription is the conversion of the spoken word into the written language. This may be the transcription of a complete conversation, e. g., the proceedings of a court hearing, or of a single word. In the latter case, transcription is the process of matching the sounds of human speech to written symbols using a set of standard rules, so that these sounds can be reproduced later. Usually these rules are organized on a phonetic basis and are specifically constructed in order to be maximally simple. Standard transcription schemes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. One can see numerous examples of transcription on the Common phrases in different languages page (in this particular case, using the standard English spelling rules). Specialised sense: Transcription from one language to another.
Sanskrit - of the Indo-European language family, and an official language of India. Having first developed around 1500 BC, It has sometimes been described as the Asian equivalent to Latin for its role in the religious and historical literature of India. Sanskrit is also the ancestor of the Prakrit languages of India, such as Pali and Ardhamagadhi. Scholars have preserved more Sanskrit documents than documents in Latin and Greek combined. The Vedic scriptures were written in a form of Sanskrit. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Script 3 Influences 4 Phonology and writing system 4.1 Vowels (with approximate English equivalents) 4.2 Diphthongs (Combinations of Simple Vowels) 4.3 Consonants 5 Morphology and Syntax 6 External Links History The word Sanskrit means completed, refined, perfected. Sum (Complete) + krt (created). Virtually every Sanskrit student.
