Commodore 64 - Commodore 64 The Commodore 64 (C64) was a popular home computer of the 1980s. Announced by Commodore Business Machines (founded and owned by Jack Tramiel) in January 1982 and released in September of that year at a price of US$595, it offered unprecedented value (sound and graphics performance) for the money. Its very aggressive pricing in comparison to its competitors quickly started a price war. With estimated sales between 17 and 25 million units by the time it was discontinued in 1993, the C64 became and remains the best-selling computer model of all time. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Description 3 Peripherals and software 4 Technical Information 5 References 6 External Links History The cost of building each C64 was estimated at US$135 due.
Commodore 1581 - Commodore 1581 The Commodore 1581 is a 3½ inch floppy disk drive made primarily for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 home/personal computers. The drive stores 800 kilobytes using an MFM format different from both MS-DOS (720 KB), and the Amiga (880 KB) formats. The 1581 supports a rather simplistic imitation of directories which are really just partitions and largely unused. It implements faster burst mode access than the Commodore 1571 5¼" drive. The 1581 provides a total of 3160 blocks free when formatted (a block being equal to 256 bytes). It is the highest capacity serial bus drive ever made by Commodore, and the only 3½" one. However, Creative Micro Designs (CMD) made the FD2000 (1.6MB) and other 3½" disk drives. In July 2001, production.
Timeline of computing 1980-1989 - operating system. 1980 "DOS addresses only 1 Megabyte of RAM because we cannot imagine any applications needing more." Microsoft on the development of DOS. 1980 - June Commodore released the VIC-20, which had 3.5k of usable memory and was based on the 6502 processor. Magazines became available which contained the code for various utilities and games. A 5.25 inch disk drive was available, along with a cassette storage system which used standard audio cassette tapes. Also available were a number of games, a color plotter which printed on 6" wide paper tape, a graphics tablet (the Koala pad). A TV screen served as monitor. The VIC-20 became the first computer to sell 1 million units. 1980 - October Development of MS-DOS/PC-DOS began. Microsoft (known mainly for their programming languages) were commissioned.
Lemmings (computer game) - with poor gameplay, had its greatest success in Lemmings. The game was unique and based around concepts previously untried. The player had to guide a group of up to 100 lemmings home by telling individual lemmings to climb, explode, build, block, dig, bash, and mine. (The "lemmings" of the game — small, green-haired beings that mindlessly walk en masse into any danger in their path — are not the same as real-life lemmings, although they were named for the popular myth that real lemmings behave in a similar fashion.) The popularity of the game on the Amiga led to its rapid porting to other platforms including, Acorn, Amstrad CPC, Atari Lynx, Atari ST, Commodore 64, DOS, Gameboy, Macintosh, NES, OS/2, SAM Coupé, Sega Genesis, SNES, Windows, Sony Playstation and even the.
List of computing topics - 3D -- 3GL -- 3NF -- 3Station -- 4.2BSD -- 404 error -- 431A -- 473L Query programming language -- 486SX -- 4GL -- 4NF -- 51forth programming language -- 56 kbps -- 56k line -- 5ESS Switch -- 5NF -- 5th Glove -- 6.001 (MIT) -- 6.001 -- 64-bit -- 680x0 -- 6x86 -- 8-bit clean -- 8.3 (computing) -- 80x86 -- 82430FX -- 82430HX -- 82430MX -- 82430VX -- 8514 (display standard) -- 8514-A -- 88open -- 8N1 -- 8x86 -- 90-90 Rule -- 9PAC A ABC ALGOL -- ABLE -- ABSET -- ABSYS -- Accent programming language -- Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language -- Accessible Computing -- Ada programming language -- Advanced Optical Disk (AOD) -- AIM alliance -- AirPort networking -- AIX operating system -- Alan programming.
Co-processor - Co-processor A co-proccessor is a secondary processor in a computer that handles tasks that the general-purpose CPU either cannot implement, or does not implement for efficiency reasons. This is distinct from the term multiprocessor, which refers to a computer with more than one general-purpose CPU. Co-processors were first seen on mainframe computers, where they added additional "optional" functionality such as floating point math support. A more common use was to control input/output channels, although in this role they were more often referred to as channel controllers. Co-processors also became common in desktop computers thoughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s due to CPU design limitations and cost considerations. The math co-processor was a common addition to high-end computers like the Mac II and most workstations.
Timeline of video games - Corp. Take 2 Interactive TDK Mediactive, Inc. Bankrupt/Defunct: 3DO Company Established/Renamed/Merged: Atari Inc. (formerly Infogrames, Inc. a subsidiary of Infogrames Entertainment SA) Square Enix Co., Ltd. (formerly Square Co., Ltd. and Enix Corporation) Events: money.cnn.com reports that video games are now a $10 billion dollar industry AIAS (Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences) hosts the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards for video games inducts Yu Suzuki of Sega to the AIAS Hall Of Fame BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) · hosts the 1st annual BAFTA Games Awards for video game publication · hosts the 6th annual BAFTA Interactive Awards for multimedia technologies E3 2003 (Electronic Entertainment Expo) · The 9th annual expo is held at the Los Angeles Convention Center · The 6th annual Game Critics Awards For.
Talking to Americans - However, the prime minister's name (back then) was Jean Chrétien; poutine is a French-Canadian fast food dish of french fries and cheese curd, and also was potentially inspired by recent jokes about Russian president Vladimir Putin who has a similar name. Also, Chrétien had not endorsed any candidate at the time and, in any event, it does not behoove the head of a neighboring country's government to take such a stand regarding U.S. presidential races. Bush's opponent, Vice President Al Gore, also fell victim to Mercer, when he was asked about the Canadian capital Toronto (it is actually Ottawa). Read here for more info The special was a co-production between Island Edge Inc and Salter Street Films. Alliance Atlantis has shut the doors of Salter Street Films. Review Why Should Americans.
Crop circle - people want to believe supernatural explanations for phenomena that are not yet explained. Methods to create a hoaxed crop circles have been well-documented on the Internet. A counter argument to hoaxing is that circles often appears in crops mature-enough that they carry seeds, seed-pods are unbroken, whereas trampling causes seed-pod breakage. Crop circle hoaxers counter that it is easy to leave dry seed pods unbroken during stomping and also leave no trace of entrance and egress trampling when the plants and ground are both dry and some care is taken while walking. Several crop circles that were later to have been determined to be hoaxes were at first certified as being genuine by cerealogists due the lack of seed pod breakage. Farmers are not very happy with crop circles, as they.
Phelsuma - novorum ab ill. Dr. Christ Rutenberg in insula Madagascar collectorum. Zool. Anz. Leipzig 4: 46-48. Boettger, O. (1881 b). Reliquiae Rutenbergiana II: Reptilien und Amphibien. Abl. bremer naturwiss. Ver. Bremen 7: 177-190. Boettger, O. (1881 c) Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Madagaskar. Dritten Nachtrag Abh. senck. naturfors. Gesellschaft 12: 435-558. Boettger, O. (1893). Katalog der Reptilien Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. I. Teil Frankfurt a/M.Gesellschaft 12: 435-558. Boettger, O. (1894). Diagnose eines Geckos und Chameleons aus Südmadagascar. Zool. Anzeiger (Leipzig) 17: 137-140. Boettger, O. (1913). Reptilien und Amphibien von Madagaskar, den Inseln und dem Festland Ostafrikas (Sammlung Voeltzkow 1889-1895 und 1903-1905) in: Voeltzkow, A. 1908-1917, Reise in Ostafrika. Stuttgart 3: 269-375. Böhme, W. & Meier, H. (1981) Eine neue form der madagascariensis-Gruppe der Gattung Phelsuma.
List of operating systems - POSIX compliant systems 4 Generic/Commodity, non-UNIX and other 5 Acorn 6 Amiga 7 Atari ST 8 Apple/Macintosh 9 Be Incorporated 10 Digital/Compaq/HP 11 IBM 12 Microsoft 13 Personal digital assistants (PDAs) 14 See also Historically Important Early OS CTSS (The Compatible TimeShare System, developed at MIT by Corbato, et al) THE operating system (by Dijkstra et al) Multics (joint OS development project by Bell Labs, GE, and MIT) Early Proprietary Microcomputer OS Apple Computer (inital version was ROM'd firmware together with Integer BASIC; later versions included a MIcrosoft BASIC) Business Operating System (BOS) - cross platform, command-line based Commodore PET, Commodore 64, and Commodore VIC-20, The very first IBM-PC (3 OS offered to start, USCD P-system, CPM-86, PC-DOS) Sinclair Micro and QX, etc TRS-DOS, ROM OS's (largely Microsoft BASIC implementations with.
Commodore Amiga Unix - Commodore Amiga Unix Commodore International did a full port of AT&T Unix System V Release 4 Unix for the Amiga computer family (in addition to the proprietary AmigaOS shipping with these systems by default). Contrary to the popular belief that Amigas were primarily gaming machines, this port was considered one of the finest Unixes of its time. The Amiga A3000UX model even got the attention of Sun Microsystems, but unfortunately Commodore did not jump at the opportunity. With the fall of Commodore International, the Amiga Unix vanished into the mists of computer history. While NetBSD and Linux are still available to what is left of the Amiga user base, the commercial Amiga Unix has not been revived..
Commodore Amiga CD32 - Commodore Amiga CD32 The Commodore Amiga CD32 was a reworked Amiga1200 and the hardware was almost identical. It ran from a 14.3MHz 68EC020RC16 (16MHz rated) with 2MB onboard RAM. Onboard ROM was Kickstart 3.1 with cdfs.filesystem integrated. Amiga1200's IDE controller now hosted a 2x CD-ROM drive. In addition to the standard Amiga ROM and the 2MB of RAM, CD32 carried a small ROM (size unspecified) for the bootstrap loader and 4kB of battery backed RAM for game saves. A port at the back provided direct access to the Amiga innards for any would-be expansion pack manufacturers but was officially intended for a MPEG hardware decoder for Video CDs. This port became used by the SX-1 expansion pack, an internally based upgrade which added a hard disk,.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (computer game) - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (computer game) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a text adventure computer game based on the seminal comic science fiction novel of the same name. It was created by the novel's author, Douglas Adams, and Steve Meretzky of Infocom and was originally released in 1984 for the Apple II, Commodore 64, Atari, and the IBM PC. The game loosely mirrors the plot of the book with the player in the role of the hapless hero, Arthur Dent, through his (mis)adventures through the galaxy. The game quickly became a fan classic and was rereleased by Activision (which bought Infocom in 1988) in classic Infocom collection game bundles, complete with a built-in hint system not included in the original. The game was.
Commodore International - Commodore International Commodore is the commonly used name for Commodore International, an electronics company who was a major player in the 1980s home computer field. The company formally went bankrupt in 1994, but there have since been several attempts to revive their Amiga systems. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 1.1 Foundation and early years 1.2 "Computers for the masses, not the classes" 1.3 The beginning of the end 1.4 The sun sets on Commodore 2 Product line 3.
Commodore 128 - Commodore 128 The Commodore 128 is a home/personal computer, also known as the C128. It was Commodore Business Machines (CBM)'s last commercially released 8-bit machine. The C128 was introduced in January of 1985 at the Consumer Electronics Show. The C128 was a significantly expanded successor to the earlier C64, the new machine featuring 128KB RAM (externally expandable to 640KB) and an 80-column RGB monitor output (driven by the 8563 VDC chip with 16KB dedicated video RAM), as well as a redesigned case/keyboard with a numeric keypad. Instead of the 6510 CPU of the C64, the C128 incorporated a two-CPU design. The primary CPU, the 8502, was a slightly improved version of the 6510; its main addition was the ability to run at a 2 MHz clock rate..
Commodore User - Commodore User "Commodore User" is a now defunct computer magazine for the Commodore computers, most famously the Commodore 64. It started life as "Vic Computing" in April 1982, being originally a magazine dedicated to the Commodore VIC-20. As more advanced Commodore computers were brought out, coverage of the VIC-20 dropped, and it changed its name to "Commodore User" starting from the issue of October 1983. It was originally intended for discussion of "serious" computing, but over the next few years, it became more and more devoted to computer gamess. By 1985, most of the coverage was for the Commodore 64, but again, the coverage changed when the Amiga came out, and material on the Commodore 64 gradually disappeared. By 1989, the name had been changed to.
Commodore 64 Demos - Commodore 64 Demos The Commodore 64 Demos for the Commodore 64 were as far as is known the first real demos produced on any home computer. The first demos on the C64 were not called demos but letter, message, supermessage etc. They were initially produced by the same people that cracked software protection, e.g. The 1001 Crew. The label "demo" appeared later. Among the earliest demos are: Borderletter from The 1001 Crew Think Twice I-V by The Judges These demos would later evolve into a subculture of it's own, resulting in massive parties where demo writers would compete. For the C64 the peak point in time for this culture was the year 1989 and the place was northern Europe. Here, hundreds of Dutch, French, Belgian, German,.
AmigaOS - AmigaOS is the default native operating system of the Amiga. The DOS library and CLI was based on a Tripos port by MetaComCo written in BCPL. It has: Preemptive Unix-like multitasking without 'nice' priorities Microkernel architecture Programmable real-time interrupts with very low latencies No memory protection 32-bit design Programmable filesystem devices Interprocess scripting language (ARexx) included as standard Incredibly efficient interprocess messaging It always came divided in two parts: Kickstart Amiga 1000 asking the user to insert the kickstart disk. Kickstart is the name given to the bootstrap ROM. On the original Amiga (the Amiga 1000), this was loaded from disk, although later Kickstarts were on a ROM chip inside the computer. The Amiga 1000 could be modified to take these chips. As well as containing the code needed to boot.
Victor Cousin - cherished collection of a lifetime. He died at Cannes on the 13th of January 1867, in his sixty-fifth year. In the front of the Sorbonne, below the lecture rooms of the faculty of letters, a tablet records an extract from his will, in which he bequeaths his noble and cherished library to the halls of his professorial work and triumphs. Philosophy There are three distinctive points in Cousin's philosophy. These are his method, the results of his method, and the application of the method and its results to history,--especially to the history of philosophy. It is usual to speak of his philosophy as eclecticism. It is eclectic only in a secondary and subordinate sense. All eclecticism that is not self-condemned and inoperative implies a system of doctrine as its basis,--in fact,.
