Second French Empire - Body was elected by universal suffrage, but it had no right of initiative, all laws being proposed by the executive power. This new political change was rapidly followed by the same consequence as had attended that of Brumaire. On December 2, 1852, France, still under the effect of the "Napoleonic virus", and the fear of anarchy, conferred almost unanimously by a plebiscite the supreme power, with the title of emperor, upon Napoleon III. Ideals of Napoleon III Although the machinery of government was almost the same under the Second Empire as it had been under the First, its founding principles were different. The function of the Empire, as he loved to repeat, was to guide the people internally towards justice and externally towards perpetual peace. Holding his power by universal suffrage,.
Victor Cousin - the seventeen and a half years of the reign of Louis Philippe, Cousin mainly moulded the philosophical and even the literary tendencies of the cultivated class in France. The most important work he accomplished during this period was the organization of primary instruction. It was to the efforts of Cousin that France owed her advance, in gelation to primary education, between 1830 and 1848. Prussia primary and Saxony had set the national example, and France was guided into it by Cousin. Forgetful of national calamity and of personal wrong, he looked to Prussia as affording the best example of an organized system of national education; and he was persuaded that "to carry back the education of Prussia into France afforded a nobler (if a bloodless) triumph than the trophies of Austerlitz.
UN Security Council Resolution 940 - the field of international relations” because the crisis “does not constitute a threat to peace and international security”. Cuban Foreign Minister Roberto Robaina said that the resolution furthers “the repeated attempts by the Security Council to amplify its powers beyond those which were granted it by the Charter”. Brazilian President Itamar Franco strongly opposed the UN decision, saying “The Security Council's special powers should not be invoked in an indiscriminate manner in the name of a `search for more rapid means' to respond to attacks on democracy, because it violates the basic principles of peaceful co-existence between nations and normal UN legal procedures.” After a visit to Brazil from US Undersecretary of State Peter Tarnoff the week before the vote, Brazil's decision to abstain instead of oppose the resolution can clearly.
Communist Romania - Romania away from the Axis and bringing it over to the Allied side, Michael could do nothing to erase the memory of his country's recent active participation in the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Although Romanian forces fought heroically under Soviet command, driving through Northern Translvania into Hungary proper, and on into Czechosolvakia and Germany, the Soviets still treated Romania as conquered territory. The Yalta Conference had granted the Soviet Union a predominant interest in Romania, the Paris Peace Treaties failed to acknowledge Romania as a co-belligerant, and the Red Army was sitting on Romanian soil. The Communists played only a minor role in Michael's wartime government, headed by General Nicolae Rădescu, but this would change in March 1945, when Dr. Petru Groza of the Ploughmen's Front, a party closely.
Korean Buddhism - Initially the new Seon schools were regarded by the established doctrinal schools as radical and dangerous upstarts. Thus, the early founders of the various "nine mountain" monasteries met with considerable resistance, repressed by the long influence in court by the Gyo schools. The struggles which ensued would carry on for most of the Goryeo period, but gradually the Seon argument for the possession of the true transmission of enlightenment would gain the upper hand. The position that would generally be adopted in the later Seon schools, due in large part to the efforts of Jinul, would not be that of clear superiority of Seon meditational methods, but rather a declaration of the intrinsic unity and mutual complementarity of the Seon and Gyo viewpoints. Although all these schools are mentioned in historical.
History of Libya - as Italy struggled to retain colonial power, the classical name "Libya" was revived as the official name of the colony, which was split into four provinces, Tripoli, Misurata, Bengasi, and Derna. In 1920 (October 25) the Italian government recognized Sheikh Sidi Idris as head of the nomadic Senussi, with wide authority in Kufra and other oases. The Sheikh would eventually become king of the free Libyan state. Sporadic fighting intensified after the accession to power in Italy of the dictator Benito Mussolini. From 1922 to 1928, Italian forces under Gen. Badoglio slowly gained control over Libya. The Senussi leader in Cyrenaica surrendered to the Italians, 3 January 1928, virtually ending the organized struggle for independence in eastern Libya, for the time. Resistance to the Italian occupation crystallized round the person of.
History of Ottoman Egypt - the governorship. Similarly in 1631 the army took upon themselves to depose the governor, in indignation at his execution of Kits Bey, an officer who was to have commanded an Egyptian force required for service in Persia. The pasha was ordered either to hand over the executioners to vengeance or to resign his place; as he refused to do the former he was compelled to do the latter, and presently a rescript came from Constantinople, approving the conduct of the army and appointing one Khalil Pasha as Musas successor. Not only was the governor unsupported by the sultan against the troops, but each new governor regularly inflicted a fine upon his outgoing predecessor, under the name of money due to the treasury; and the outgoing governor would not be allowed to.
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - peace 11 Pakistan's attempt at a political solution, 1987-1988 12 Stalemate: The Civil War, 1989-1992 13 The demise of the Soviet Union, 1991 14 The fall of Kabul, April 1992 15 The United Nations plan for political accommodation 16 References The Communists take power, 1978 On April 27, 1978 a coup was initiated, reportedly by Hafizullah Amin while he was under house arrest. Mohammed Daoud Khan was killed the next day. The communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) gained control and on May 1 Nur Mohammed Taraki became President. The country was then renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), which lasted until 1992. The PDPA had split into several factions in 1967, soon after its founding. Ten years later the efforts of the Soviet Union had brought back together.
Phelsuma - novorum ab ill. Dr. Christ Rutenberg in insula Madagascar collectorum. Zool. Anz. Leipzig 4: 46-48. Boettger, O. (1881 b). Reliquiae Rutenbergiana II: Reptilien und Amphibien. Abl. bremer naturwiss. Ver. Bremen 7: 177-190. Boettger, O. (1881 c) Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Madagaskar. Dritten Nachtrag Abh. senck. naturfors. Gesellschaft 12: 435-558. Boettger, O. (1893). Katalog der Reptilien Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. I. Teil Frankfurt a/M.Gesellschaft 12: 435-558. Boettger, O. (1894). Diagnose eines Geckos und Chameleons aus Südmadagascar. Zool. Anzeiger (Leipzig) 17: 137-140. Boettger, O. (1913). Reptilien und Amphibien von Madagaskar, den Inseln und dem Festland Ostafrikas (Sammlung Voeltzkow 1889-1895 und 1903-1905) in: Voeltzkow, A. 1908-1917, Reise in Ostafrika. Stuttgart 3: 269-375. Böhme, W. & Meier, H. (1981) Eine neue form der madagascariensis-Gruppe der Gattung Phelsuma.
Year of the four emperors - death of Nero, in the Rhine rebellion was on the loose. Galba did not remain popular for a long time. In his march to Rome, he either destroyed or took enormous fines from the towns that did not accepted him immediately. In Rome he canceled all Nero's reforms, including benefits for many important persons. Like the previous emperor, Galba had an irrational fear for conspirators and executed many senators and knights without trial. The army was not happy either. After his safe arrival to Rome, Galba refused to pay the prizes he promised to soldier supporters. Moreover, in the start of the civil year of 69 AD in January 1, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to oath allegiance and obedience to the new emperor. In the following day, the legions.
Edgar Quinet - professorship was more notorious than fortunate, owing, it must be said, to his own fault. His chair was one of Southern Literature, but, neglecting his proper subject, he chose, in conjunction with Michelet, to engage in a violent polemic with the Jesuits and with Ultramontanism. Two books bearing exactly these titles appeared in 1843 and 1844, and contained, as was usual with Quinet, the substance of his lectures. These excited so much disturbance, and the author so obstinately refused to confine himself to literature proper, that in 1846 the government put an end to them — a course which was not disapproved by the majority of his colleagues. By this time Quinet was a pronounced republican, and something of a revolutionist. He appeared in arms during the disturbances which overthrew Louis.
Talking to Americans - However, the prime minister's name (back then) was Jean Chrétien; poutine is a French-Canadian fast food dish of french fries and cheese curd, and also was potentially inspired by recent jokes about Russian president Vladimir Putin who has a similar name. Also, Chrétien had not endorsed any candidate at the time and, in any event, it does not behoove the head of a neighboring country's government to take such a stand regarding U.S. presidential races. Bush's opponent, Vice President Al Gore, also fell victim to Mercer, when he was asked about the Canadian capital Toronto (it is actually Ottawa). Read here for more info The special was a co-production between Island Edge Inc and Salter Street Films. Alliance Atlantis has shut the doors of Salter Street Films. Review Why Should Americans.
Crop circle - people want to believe supernatural explanations for phenomena that are not yet explained. Methods to create a hoaxed crop circles have been well-documented on the Internet. A counter argument to hoaxing is that circles often appears in crops mature-enough that they carry seeds, seed-pods are unbroken, whereas trampling causes seed-pod breakage. Crop circle hoaxers counter that it is easy to leave dry seed pods unbroken during stomping and also leave no trace of entrance and egress trampling when the plants and ground are both dry and some care is taken while walking. Several crop circles that were later to have been determined to be hoaxes were at first certified as being genuine by cerealogists due the lack of seed pod breakage. Farmers are not very happy with crop circles, as they.
Seven Days in May - Republican Party and the military, who believe the Soviets cannnot be trusted. Eventually, President Lyman and his closest advisors learn from a high-ranking Pentagon insider named Colonel Jiggs Casey that the Joint Chiefs of Staff, led by the charismatic Chairman James Scott are secretly plotting to stage a coup d'etat and overthrow the President. The rest of the book chronicles the "seven days" as Lyman and co. scramble to stop the coup. The novel was made into a movie in 1964 staring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas..
Orange Order - over trading rights). It was named to commemorate the victory of the protestant William of Orange over his father-in-law the Catholic King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Some consider that victory to have laid the foundation for the evolution of constitutional democracy in what later became the United Kingdom, by strengthening the power of parliament against the crown and by confining finally to history the concept of Divine Right of Kings. Others see it as an unconstitutional coup d'etat that produced centuries of constitutional and legal discrimination against Roman Catholics, undoing James II's policy of religious toleration. Change in order of succession The victory of William over James, which produced what became known as the Glorious Revolution was significant both inside and outside the Kingdoms of.
Zviad Gamsakhurdia - abuses. In 1956, he was arrested during demonstrations in Tblisi against the Soviet policy of "Russification" and was arrested again in 1958 for distributing anti-communist literature and proclamations. He was confined for six months to a mental hospital in Tbilisi where he was diagnosed as suffering from "psychopathy with decompensation", thus perhaps becoming an early victim of what became a widespread policy of using psychiatry for political purposes. He achieved wider prominence in 1972 during a campaign against the corruption associated with the appointment of a new Katolikos of the Georgian Orthodox Church. He co-founded the Initiative Group for the Defence of Human Rights in 1973, became the first Georgian member of Amnesty International in 1974 and co-founded the Georgian Helsinki Group in 1976 (renamed the Georgian Helsinki Union in 1989)..
Economy of Haiti - of the 1994 restoration of constitutional governance, Haitian officials have indicated their commitment to economic reform through the implementation of sound fiscal and monetary policies and the enactment of legislation mandating the modernization of state-owned enterprises. A council to guide the modernization program (CMEP) was established and a timetable was drawn up to modernize nine key parastatals. Although the state-owned flour mill and cement plants have been transferred to private owners, progress on the other seven parastatals has stalled. The modernization of Haiti's state-enterprises remains a controversial political issue in Haiti. External aid is essential to the future economic development of Haiti, the least-developed country in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly.
Economy of Niger - cowpeas, onions, and the products of Niger's small cotton industry. The government relies on bilateral and multilateral aid - which was suspended following the April 1999 coup d'etat - for operating expenses and public investment. Short-term prospects depend on upcoming negotiations with the World Bank and the IMF on debt relief and extended aid. Economy - in greater depth: One of the poorest countries in the world, Niger's economy is based largely on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Drought cycles, desertification, a 3.4% population growth rate and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut an already marginal economy. Traditional subsistence farming, herding, small trading, and informal markets dominate an economy that generates few formal sector jobs. Niger's agricultural and livestock sectors are the.
History of Comoros - were represented in France's National Assembly. Internal political autonomy was granted in 1961. Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for Comoros to become independent in 1978. On July 6, 1975, however, the Comorian parliament passed a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The deputies of Mayotte abstained. As a result, the Comorian Government has effective control over only Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Mayotte remains under French administration. Coups d'Etat Unstable Comoros has endured 19 coups or attempted coups since gaining independence from France in 1975. Many of these coups were orchestrated by France which still maintained substantial interests in the area. Bob Denard overthrew the government four times. The second time was in 1978, when president Ali Solih, who had a firm anti-French attitude, was killed and Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane came.
Francois Barbé-Marbois - the Ancients, where the general moderation of his attitude, especially in his opposition to the exclusion of nobles from public life, brought him under suspicion of being a royalist, though he pronounced a eulogy on Bonaparte for his success in Italy. At the coup d’etat of the 18th Fructidor (September 4) 1797, he was arrested and transported to French Guiana. Transferred to Oléron In 1799, he owed his liberty to Napoleon, after the 18th Brumaire. In 1801 he became councillor of state and director of the public treasury, and in 1802 a senator. In 1803 he negotiated the treaty by which Louisiana was ceded to the United States, and was rewarded by the First Consul with a gift of 152,000 francs. In 1805 he was made grand officer of the Legion.
