Henry II of England - Plantagenet (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), was Duke of Anjou and King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and western France. His soubriquets include "Curt Mantle" (because of the practical short cloaks he wore), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "The Lion of Justice," which had been used for his grandfather Henry I. He would be known as the first of the Angevin Kings. Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign was one of efficient consolidation. Henry II is regarded as England's greatest medieval king. He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her second husband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou. He was brought up in Anjou and visited England in 1142 to help.
François Guizot - made a subject of bitter reproach to Guizot in after life by his political opponents, as an unpatriotic action. "The Man of Ghent" was one of the terms of insult frequently used against him in the days of his power. The reproach appears to be wholly unfounded. The true interests of France were not in the defence of the falling empire, but in establishing a liberal policy on a monarchical basis and in combating the reactionary tendencies of the ultra-royalists. It is remarkable circumstance that a young professor of twenty-seven, with none of the advantages of birth or political experience, should have been selected to convey so important a message to the ears of the king of France, and a proof, if any were wanting, that the Revolution had, as Guizot.
Cardinal Richelieu - Cardinal Richelieu Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (September 9, 1585 - December 4, 1642) was a French Cardinal, Duke, and politician, usually known as Cardinal de Richelieu. He was a prominent theorist of nationalism. Richelieu served as Louis XIII's chief minister from 1624-'42. Richelieu was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin. To reduce the power of provincial dukes and princes, Richelieu ordered the destruction of such Vendean castles as Talmont, La Garnache, Les Essarts, and Chateau Apremont. As a result of this, and other actions (such as the use of internal spies -- see: police state), France became increasingly centralized. The Cardinal's Policies and Opposition The cardinal's policies made most of France his enemy. French bureaucracy at the time by office-holders who had bought their positions to benefit from the social status.
Provost - below. From France the title found its way into Scotland, where it survives in the style (provost) of the principal magistrates of the royal boroughs ("lord provost" in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Perth and Dundee), and into England, where it is applied to certain officers charged with the maiiitenance of military discipline. A provost-marshal is an officer of the army appointed when troops are on service abroad for the prompt repression of all offences. He may at any time arrest and detain for trial persons subject to military law committing offences, and may also carry into execution any punishments to be inflicted in pursuance of a court martial (Army Act 1881, § 74). A provost-sergeant is an officer responsible for the maintenance of order when soldiers are in the United Kingdom. A.
Marie Antoinette - arranged by Maria Theresa, a certain Abbé Vermond being appointed as her tutor in 1769. Her marriage to Louis-Auguste the Dauphin, (later Louis XVI of France) which took place at Versailles on the May 16, 1770, was intended to crown the policy of the foreign minister Choiseul and confirm the alliance between Austria and France. This fact, combined with her youth and the extreme corruption of the French court, made her position very difficult. Madame du Barry, whose influence over Louis XV of France was at that time supreme, formed the centre of a powerful anti-Choiseul cabal, which succeeded in less than a year after the Dauphin's marriage in bringing about the fall of Choiseul and seriously threatening the stability of the Austrian alliance. Thus the young princess was surrounded by.
Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé - campaigns of 1640 and 1641 in northern France while still under twenty years of age. During the youth of Enghien all power in France was in the hands of Richelieu; even the princes of the blood had to yield to him; and Henry of Condé tried with the rest to win the cardinal's favour. Enghien was forced to conform. He was already deeply in love with Mlle Marthe du Vigean, who in return was passionately devoted to him, but, in order to flatter the cardinal, he was forced by his father, at the age of twenty, to give his hand to Richelieu's niece, Claire Clémence de MailléBrézé, a child of thirteen. He was present with Richelieu during the dangerous plot of Cinq Mars, and afterwards fought in the siege of Perpignan.
Jean de Rotrou - - June, 1650) was a French poet and tragedian. Rotrou was born at Dreux in Normandy. He studied at Dreux and at Paris, and, though three years younger than Pierre Corneille, began writing before him. In 1632 he became playwright to the actors of the Hôtel de Bourgogne. With few exceptions, the only events recorded of his life are the successive appearances of his plays and his enrolment in 1635 in the band of five poets who had the duty of turning Richelieu's dramatic ideas into shape. Rotrou's own first piece, L'Hypocondriaque (first produced in 1631), dedicated to the Comte de Soissons, seigneur of Dreux, appeared when he was only eighteen. In the same year he published a collection of Å’uvres poetiques, including elegies, epistles and religious verse. His second piece,.
Jean-Baptiste Carrier - Jacobins. After the subjugation of Flanders he was one of the commissioners nominated in the close of 1792 by the Convention, and sent into that country In the following year he took part in. establishing the Revolutionary Tribunal. He voted for the death of Louis XVI, was one of the first to call for the arrest of the duke of Orleans, and took a prominent part in the overthrow of the Girondists (on May 31). After a mission into Normandy, Carrier was sent, early in October 1793, to Nantes, under orders from the Convention to suppress the revolt which was raging there, by the most severe measures. Nothing loth, he established a revolutionary tribunal, and formed a body of desperate men, called the Legion of Marat, for the purpose of destroying.
Charles de Saint-Evremond - at Saint-Denis-le-Guast, near Coutances, the seat of his family in Normandy. He was a pupil of the Jesuits at the College de Clermont (now Louis-le-Grand), Paris; then a student at Caen. For a time he studied law at the College d'Harcourt. He soon, however, took to arms, and in 1629 went with Marshal Bassompierre to Italy. He served through great part of the Thirty Years' War, distinguishing himself at the siege of Landrecies (1637), when he was made captain. During his campaigns he studied the works of Montaigne and the Spanish and Italian languages. In 1639 he met Gassendi in Paris, and became one of his disciples. He was present at Rocroi, at Nördlingen, and at Lerida. For a time he was personally attached to Condé, but offended him by a.
Thomas Lodge - Lodge an Actor? 1868). Having been to sea with Captain Clarke in his expedition to Terceira and the Canaries, Lodge in 1591 made a voyage with Thomas Cavendish to Brazil and the Straits of Magellan, returning home by 1593. During the Canaries expedition, to beguile the tedium of his voyage, he composed his prose tale of Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacie, which, printed in 1590, afterwards furnished the story of Shakespeare's As You Like It. The novel, which in its turn owes some, though no very considerable, debt to the medieval Tale of Gamelyn (unwarrantably appended to the fragmentary Cookes Tale in certain manuscripts of Geoffrey Chaucer's works), is written in the euphuistic manner, but decidedly attractive both by its plot and by the situations arising from it. It has been frequently.
Robert, Count of Mortain - a half-brother of William the Conqueror, and became a great landholder in both England and Normandy. He was the son of William the Conqueror's mother Herleva, and Herluin, viscount of Conteville. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux was his older full brother. He was probably born around 1040, but perhaps a few years earlier. Around 1055 Duke William was consolidating his hold on the duchy, and having disposessed the count of Mortain, gave the county to Robert. Mortain was a frontier territory, bordering on Brittany and Maine, and Robert contributed to the defense of the duchy by constructing castles at the town of Mortain, and at St. Hilaire-du-Harcouet, le Tilleul, and Tinchebrai. During the next decade Robert was a close counselor of his half-brother, appearing frequently at his court, including the councils at.
Philippe de Mornay - Mornay (November 5, 1549 - November 11, 1623), seigneur du Plessis Marly, usually known as Du-Plessis-Mornay or Mornay Du Plessis, was a French Protestant writer. He was born at Buhy in Normandy. His mother had leanings toward Protestantism, but his father tried to counteract her influence by sending him to the College de Lisieux at Paris. On his father's death in 1559, however, the family formally adopted the reformed faith. Mornay studied law and jurisprudence at the University of Heidelberg in 1565 and the following year Hebrew and German at the University of Padua. On the outbreak of the second religious war in 1567, he joined the army of Conde, but a fall from his horse prevented him from taking an active part in the campaign. His career as Huguenot apologist.
Phelsuma - of Aldabra, Assumption and Glorioso Islands Indian Ocean.;Proc. Nat. Mus. Washington;XVI 973: 759-764. Akker, W. G. van der (1966) Reisindrukken van Madagascar.;Lacerta;24: 90-93. Akker, W. G. van der (1982) Vindplaats notities over Phelsuma ornata ornata.;Lacerta;40(4) blz 63-65. American Soc. Icht. Herp., Nomenclature Committee (1967) Comment on the propossed addition of Phelsuma ornatum GRAY, 1825 to the oficial index Z.N. (S.) 1752. Bull. zool. Nomenclature (London), 24(?): 208. Anderson, L. G. (1906) Reptiles and Batrachians from north-west of Madagascar, collected by Kaudern. Ark. zool. Stockholm, no. 7: 1-15. Angel, F. (1942) Les Lézards de Madagascar. Imprimerie M. erne de l'emyrme Pilot de la Beaujardiere, Tananarive/ Mem Ac. malgache Tananarive 36. Angel, F. (1949) Deuxième note sur les reptiles de Madagascar recoltes par le Professeur Millot. Description d'un lézard scinde nouveua de genre.
Members of the French Royal Families - Hugh the Great, Duke of France (c.895-956) Mother: Hedwig of Saxony (c.910-965) Wife: Adelaide of Aquitaine (c.950-1006) Children: Adwige (c.969-c. 1013), m.1 Count Rainier IV of Hainaut (c.950-1013); m.2 Hugh III of Dasbourg Gisele, Dame d'Abevile (c.970-c.1000), m. Hugues de Montreuil, Comte de Ponthieu Robert II of France (972-1031) Adelaide (c.973-c.1063) Robert II of France (972-1031, r.996-1031) Wives: Rozala of Ivrea (d.1003) Bertha of Blois (d. aft. 1017) Constance of Provence (986-1032) Children: Adele, Comtesse d'Auxerre (c.1003-c.1063), m. Count Reynald I of Nevers Hugh, Co-King of France (1007-1026) Henry I of France (1008-1060) Adelaide, Comtesse de Coutance (1009-1079); m.1 Duke Richard III of Normandy; m.2 Count Baldwin V of Flanders Constance (b.aft 1009); m. Manasses de Dammartin Duke Robert I of Burgundy (1011-1072), m.1 Helie de Semur-en-Brionnais; m.2 Ermengarde of Anjou.
List of famous cemeteries - war heroes including Napoleon. Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris - resting place of Emile Zola, Edgar Degas, Georges Feydeau, other artists and writers. Cimetiere de Montparnasse, Paris - serves the great artistic quarter of Montparnasse, including the graves of Charles Baudelaire, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jean Seberg, Serge Gainsbourg and Man Ray. Pierre Laval and Porfirio Diaz are also buried here. Cimetière de Passy, Paris - Claude Debussy, Edouard Manet. The Panthéon, Paris - France's most honored, including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Cimetière du Père Lachaise, Paris - resting place of artists, writers (including Oscar Wilde), and Jim Morrison. Many French Holocaust victims are buried there. Saint Denis Basilica, Paris - burial site for French Royalty. Cimetière de Saint-Ouen, Paris - where Joan of Arc was led for the public renunciation.
List of WOSM members - sex (United States) or race (Israel). World Organization of the Scout Movement Members Country Membership (from 2000 or most recent available info) Name of Member Organization Year Current Scouting Organization joined WOSM Year Member Organization was founded Albania 1,730 Besa Skaut Albania 1999 1922 Algeria 11,120 Scouts Musulmans Algériens 1963 1939 Angola 13,777 Associação de Escuteros de Angola 1998 1998 Argentina 44,981 Scouts de Argentina 1922 1912 Armenia 2,256 Hayastani Azgayin Scautakan Sharjum Kazmakerputiun 1997 1912 Australia 98,084 Scouts Australia 1953 1908 Austria 13,785 Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs 1922 1912 Azerbaijan 1,414 Azerbaican Skaut Assosiasiyasi 2000 1997 the Bahamas 729 The Scout Association of the Bahamas 1974 1913 Bahrain 1,820 Boy Scouts of Bahrain 1970 1953 Bangladesh 908,435 Bangladesh Scouts 1974 19 Barbados 3,032 Barbados Boy Scouts Association 1969 1972 Belarus.
List of climbers - of activities. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) - Alps glaciology Christian Almer - Grindelwald guide, many first ascents in Alps Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi (1873-1933) - first ascent of Mount St Elias in Alaska Melchior Anderegg (1828-1912) - Meiringen guide, many first ascents in Alps B John Ball - Alps, first president of Alpine Club Jacques Balmat (1762-1834) - Chamonix guide, first ascent of Mont Blanc George Band - 1953 Everest expedition, first ascent of Kanchenjunga Fred Beckey - Cascades Chris Bonington (b. 1934) - ascents of Nuptse, Annapurna, Mount Everest. Thomas George Bonney (1833-1923) - Alps geologist and mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev (1958-1997) -.
Duke of Norfolk - Duke of Norfolk The Duke of Norfolk is the Premier Duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the Premier Earl. He also holds the hereditary position of Earl Marshal, which has the duty of organizing state openings of parliament. For the last five centuries, save some periods when it was under attainder, both the Dukedom and the Earl-Marshalship have been in the hands of the Howard family. According to The House of Lords Act 1999, Norfolk is one of only two hereditary peers automatically admitted to the House of Lords, without being elected by the general body of hereditary peers, due to his duties as Earl Marshal. The present Duke of Norfolk holds the several subsidiary titles: Earl of Arundel (created.
Duke of Albemarle - Duke of Albemarle Dukes and Earls of Albermarle. The name Albe-marle, which now forms the title of the earldom held by the English family of Keppel, is an early variant of the French Aumale (Lat Alba Maria), other forms being Aubemarle and Aumerle, and is described in the patent of nobility granted in 1696-1697 by William III to Arnold Joost van Keppel as "a town and territory in the dukedom of Normandy." The fief of Aumale was granted by the archbishop of Rouen to Odo of Champagne, brother-in-law of William the Conqueror, who erected it into a countship. On Odo's death his son Stephen succeeded not only to the countship of Aumale, but to the lordships of Holderness, of Bytham in Lincolnshire, etc., which were subsequently.
Duchy of Normandy - Duchy of Normandy The Duchy of Normandy stems from the Viking invasions of France in the eighth century. Officially created in 911 out of Consessions made by King Charles to King Rollo of the Vikings. Originally emcompassing the Northern Coast and interior of France, it is now part of both France and England. After William the Conqueror invaded and defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings, the Dutchy fell under the rule of England until 1204 when Phillip II of France conquered it. The Treaty of Paris (1295) gave the lands, with the exception of the Channel Islands back to France (with the exception of the island of Chausey). This which is why the Queen of England is toasted on the islands as the Duke of.
