Xia Dynasty - Xia Dynasty Xia Dynasty (夏朝) ( 2205 BC - 1806 BC) is the name for the first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records, which record the names of seventeen kings over fourteen generations. The legends of Sanhuangwudi precedes this dynasty. It is followed by Shang Dynasty. Until scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang, Henan Province, in 1928, it was difficult to separate myth from reality in regard to the Xia. But since then, and especially in the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures.
Caliphate - caliphate. Thus, by eve of the First World War the Ottoman caliphate represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamicate political entity. The word "Caliph" came through French, which got it from Latin (calīpha), a Romanization of the Arabic word, Khalīfa (probably خليفة), literally "Successor of the Prophet." Khalīfa originates from the verb khalafa, meaning "to succeed" or "to be behind." Some Orientalists wrote it as Khalîf. Some movements in modern Islamic philosophy justify religious leadership via khalifa, meaning roughly "to steward" or "to protect the same things as God," and propose this to renew the Caliphate. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Famous caliphs 2 Dynasties 3 Current Famous caliphs The four "wellguided" caliphs: Abu Bakr Umar ibn al-Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali Ben Abu Talib Other caliphs, some self-proclaimed: Abd-ar-rahman.
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Table of Chinese monarchs - or 突厥 tu2 jue2 Avars or Rouran 柔然 rou2 ran2. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Tables 1.1 Xia Dynasty 1.2 Shang Dynasty 1.3 Zhou Dynasty 1.4 Qin Dynasty 1.5 Han Dynasty 1.6 Three Kingdoms Period 1.7 Jin Dynasty 1.8 Sixteen Kingdoms Period 1.9 Soverignties established by Wu Hu 1.10 Southern and Northern Dynasty 1.11 Sui Dynasty 1.12 Tang Dynasty 1.13 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 1.14 Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms 1.15 Western Xia 1.16 Yuan Dynasty 1.17 Ming Dynasty 1.18 Qing Dynasty 1.19 Taiping Rebellion 1.20 Hongxian Tables Below is a list of Chinese sovereigns. Between the Qin and the Qing dynasty sovereigns who ruled an unified China were known as Emperor - huang di 皇帝 huang2 di4. Before the Qin, the title of a sovereign was wang 王 wang2.
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Fatimid - Fatimid The Fatimid Empire or Fatimid Caliphate ruled North Africa from A.D. 909 to 1171. The name Fatimid is derived from the name of daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, Fatima az-Zahra, and her husband, Ali, a cousin of the Prophet. The dynasty and its followers belonged to the Shiite branch of Islam and to a sect called Isma'ili. The dynasty was founded when a local leader declared himself al-Mahdi, the "divinely guided one" and the khalifa or, imam. He legitimized his claim by his descent from the Prophet by way of Prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and her husband Ali ibn Abu Talib, who was a cousin of the Prophet. This happened in Kairwan, a city located in the center of Tunisia but soon his control extended.
Fan (implement) - fans were used. Roman ladies throughout the empire used circular fans. Chinese sources link the fan with mythical and historical characters. Asia In China, screen fans were used throughout society. The earliest known Chinese fans are a pair of woven bamboo side-mounted fans from the second century BC. In ancient China, the symbol for a fan means 'a bird's wing' and looks like a wing. In modern China, the symbol for a fan, 'shan', means 'feathers under a roof'. The Chinese fixed fan, pien-mien, means 'to agitate the air'. The Japanese language's symbol for a fan is related to birds. Fans entailed certain regulations of societal norms for the Chinese people. A particular status and gender would accord a specific type of fan to an individual. The first folding fans were.
Faxian - zh-cn:法显 Faxian (Fa-Hien, or Fa-hsien) (ca. 337 - ca. 422), Chinese Buddhist monk, who, between 399 and 414 travelled to India to bring back Buddhist scriptures. His journey is described in his work A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. The following is from the Introduction to the translation of that work by James Legge: Nothing of great importance is known about Fa-hien in addition to what may be gathered from his own record of his travels. I have read the accounts of him in the Memoirs of Eminent Monks, compiled in A.D. 519, and a later work, the Memoirs of Marvellous Monks, by the third emperor of the Ming.
First Babylonian Dynasty - First Babylonian Dynasty The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated, because there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. Hereby we follow temporarily the regnal years of List A, because those are widely used, although we believe that the other list is better, at least for one or two reigns out of the first six. (The reigns in List B are longer, in general. Unfortunately, it is not available for the editor. Please add the info here if you have it.) First Babylonian Dynasty: 1959-1945 Su-abu or Suum-abum 1945-1909 Sumula-ilum 1909-1895 Sabium or Sabum 1895-1877 Apil-Sin 1877-1857 Sin-muballit 1857-1814 Hammurabi 1814-1776 Samsu-ilana 1776-1748 Abi-eshuh or Abieshu 1748-1711 Ammi-ditana 1711-1690 Ammi-zaduga or Ammisaduqa 1690-1659 Samsu-ditana Hammurabi's other name was Hammurapi-ilu, meaning.
Ayyubid dynasty - Ayyubid dynasty Ayyubid Dynasty, Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Ayyubid Dynasty was founded by Saladin, who, with his uncle Shirkuh, conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur ad-Din of Damascus in 1169. In 1171, Saladin deposed the last Fatimid Caliph, but he gradually became estranged from his former master. When Nur ed-Din died in 1174, Saladin declared war against his young son, As-Salih Ismail, and seized Damascus. Ismail fled to Aleppo, where he continued to resist Saladin until his murder in 1181. After this, Saladin seized control of the interior of the entirety of Syria, and even conquered the Jezireh in Northern Iraq. His greatest accomplishment, though, was his defeat of the Crusader.
Zengid dynasty - Zengid dynasty Zengid Dynasty Muslim Dynasty, of Turkish origin, which ruled parts of Northern Iraq and Syria during the 12th and 13th Centuries. The dynasty was founded by Imad ed-Din Zengi, who became the Seljuk Atabeg (or Governor) of Mosul in 1127. He quickly became the chief Turkish potentate in Northern Syria and Iraq, taking Aleppo from the squabbling Ortoqid emirs in 1128, and capturing the County of Edessa from the Crusaders in 1144. This latter feat made Zengi a hero in the Muslim world, but he was assassinated by a slave two years later, in 1146. On Zengi's death, his territories were divided, with Mosul and his lands in Iraq going to his eldest son, and Aleppo and Edessa falling to his second son, Nur ad-Din.
Shang Dynasty - Shang Dynasty This article is part of the History of China series. Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty History of the Republic of China History of the PRC (1949-1976) History of the PRC (1976-present) Timeline of Chinese History Shang Dynasty (商朝) (1600 BC - 1046 BC) followed Xia Dynasty and preceded Zhou Dynasty in China. Information about the Shang dynasty comes from bronze artifacts and oracle bones, which are turtle shells on which were written the first recorded Chinese characters, found in the Huang He valley. These bones typically had three sections: a question for the oracle, the oracle's.
Korean Buddhism - peninsula is strongly influenced by that of the continent, especially during earlier periods when Chinese culture was so advanced as compared with that of its neighbors. The transmission of Buddhism to Korea from China happened along with the importation of Chinese ideographic writing and various other currents of Chinese philosophy, as well as medicine, arts and societal customs. Korea was also the source of the initial Buddhist transmission into Japan, remaining in this role for several centuries. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Three Kingdoms Buddhism 2 Unified Silla Period (668-918) 2.1 Developments in Silla Scholarly Buddhism 2.2 Development of the Korean Seon school 3 Goryeo Period (918-1392) 3.3 General Characteristics 3.4 Goryeo schools 3.5 Major Trends 4 Yi Dynasty (1392-1910) 5 Japanese Occupation (1910-1945) 6 The modern era (1945-present) 7 See.
History of Islam - his followers to Medina in September of 622 CE. This migration is called the Hijra, and its year is used to establish the Muslim calendar; The year 622 CE is the year 1 A.H. (Annus Hegirae). The A.H. system dates from the beginning of the lunar year in which the Hijra took place, so it does not neatly coincide with the Julian or Gregorian year numbers. After three major battles and one last battle with Makkah, almost all Arabia fell to Muhammad in 630 and great number of tribes established alliance with the prophet. After Muhammad's death on June 8, 632 CE, Abu Bakr was accepted as caliph, or head of the Islamic state. The next three caliphs were all relatives of the prophet, but were succeeded by another household of.
History of Palestine - Successive waves of migration brought other groups onto the scene, such as the Samaritans and the Phoenicians. For further discussion on the very early ethnic history of the region, see: Canaan Israelites History of ancient Israel and Judah In 722 BC, the northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians, its inhabitants ("the Lost Tribes") deported, and replaced by settlers from elsewhere in the Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar conquered the Kingdom of Judah in 597-586 BC, and deported the middle and upper classes of the Jews to Babylonia, where they flourished. Decades later, the Jews in Babylonia were permitted to return to Israel. However, a large proportion decided to stay in Babylonia for economic reasons. Most regard the collapse of the Israelite kingdoms as the beginning of.
History of Africa - attest to early hunter-gatherer culture in the dry grasslands of North Africa during the glacial age. The region of the present Sahara was an early site for the practice of agriculture. However, after the desertification of the Sahara, settlement in North Africa became concentrated in the valley of the Nile, where the pre-literate Nomes of Egypt laid a base for the culture of ancient Egypt, usually considered separately from the other cultures of the continent. Egyptian culture had considerable contact with the upper Nile valley, south of the cataracts of the Nile: see Nubia, history of Sudan, etc. Separated by the 'sea of sand', the Sahara, North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa have had separate histories, tenuously linked by fluctuating trade routes. Phoenician, Greek and Roman history of North Africa can be.
History of early Arab Egypt - the Ummayads were overthrown and the unity of the Arab world was broken. Although Egypt remained under the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such as those of the Tulunids and the Ikshidis. In 969 the Fatimid dynasty from Tunisia conquered Egypt, and established their capital at Cairo. This dynasty lasted till 1174, when Egypt came under the rule of Saladin, whose dynasty, the Ayyubids, lasted till 1252. The Ayyubites were overthrown by the their Turkish bodygaurds, known as the Mameluks, who ruled under the suzerainty of Abbasid Caliphs, until 1517, when Egypt became part of the Ottoman Empire. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The Arab Conquest of Egypt 2 The Fatimid Period 3 Ayyubid Period 4 Period of Bahri Mameluks 5 Period.
Ethics in religion - the New Testament. Jewish ethics Jewish ethics is based on the fundamental concepts of Judaism, which holds that ethical duties of all mankind can be derived from the Hebrew Bible. The starting point is the belief in the unity and holiness of God, in whose image man was created. This section has its own article, Jewish ethics. Ethics in the Apocrypha Ethics in systematic form, and apart from religious belief, is as little found in apocryphal or Judæo-Hellenistic literature as in the Bible. However, Greek philosophy greatly influenced Alexandrian writers such as the authors of IV Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, and Philo. Much progress in theoretical ethics came as Jews came into closer contact with the Hellenic world. Before that period the Wisdom literature shows a tendency to dwell solely.
Alexandrian school of anatomy - the human body being submitted to examination previous to the time of Erasistratus and Herophilus; and it is vain to look for authentic facts on this point before the foundation of the Ptolemaic dynasty of sovereigns in Egypt. This event, which, as is generally known, succeeded the death of Alexander, 320 years before the Christian era, collected into one spot the scattered embers of literature and science, which were beginning to languish in Greece under a weak and distracted government and an unsettled state of society. The children of her divided states, whom domestic discord and the uncertainties of war rendered unhappy at home, wandered into Egypt, and found, under the fostering hand of the Alexandrian monarchs, the means of cultivating the sciences, and repaying with interest to the country of.
Chandragupta - c.298 BC) was an Indian emperor, founder of the Maurya dynasty and grandfather of Asoka the Great. He conquered the Magadha kingdom (in modern Bihar and Jharkhand) and eventually controlled all India north of the Vindhya Hills. In c.305 BC, Chandragupta, with a huge army, defeated Seleucus I (Nicator) who had invaded NW India in an attempt to regain Alexander the Great's Indian provinces. Seleucus had to yield parts of Afghanistan to Chandragupta. Chandragupta also married Seleucus' daughter Helen as a part of the truce. From Megasthenes, a Seleucid envoy at the court of Chandragupta, comes considerable information about the period. The emperor dwelt in an enormous, ornate palace at Pataliputra (Patna) and administered a highly complex and bureaucratic government. He was advised by Kautilya (also called Chanakya), a very able.
