1953 - May 25 - Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test. May 29 - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay perform the first successful ascent to the summit of Mount Everest. June 2 - Coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey. June 17 - Workers Uprising in East Germany. July 26 - Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks sparking the Cuban Revolution. July 27 - Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea sign an armistice agreement. August 7 - Ohio admitted to the union, retroactive to 1803. August 19 - Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and.
Red Army Faction - "faction" was thrown in to illustrate the connection leftist organisations felt with a large, international Marxist struggle. Prelude The origins of the group can be traced back to the student protests in the late 1960s. In Germany, the protests turned into riots when on June 2, 1967, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, then Shah of Persia, visited the western part of Berlin, at the time a divided city. After violent protests of exiled Persians, supported by German students, already during the day, the Shah visited the Deutsche Oper; in the course of events after the show, the German student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by the police (whose tactics are today mostly viewed as overly aggressive). This, and the perceived state brutality during other protests, and the wide-spread opposition against the Vietnam War, brought.
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (October 26, 1919 - July 27, 1980) was the last Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 until 1979. He was born in Tehran, Iran. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi As a young man, he was educated at Institute Le Rosey, a Swiss finishing school and in Tehran at the Military College. His father, Reza Pahlavi, (1877-1944), was minister of war and was elected by the Iranian Assembly as Shah in 1925. Concerned that Reza Pahlavi was about to align his petroleum-rich country with Germany during World War II, Britain and the USSR occupied Iran and forced him to resign in favor of his son. His mother was the shah's second wife, Tadj ol-Molouk (1896 - 1982). At the end.
Reza Pahlavi of Iran - Reza Pahlavi of Iran Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877-July 26, 1944), was Shah of Iran (Emperor of Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. On February 22, 1921, Reza Khan-e Mir-Panj (Persian: رضا خان میرپنج), as was then his name, staged a coup d'état. He was a military commander who had risen from the ranks to command the Cossack Division and Ministry of War. His rule was formalized when he was proclaimed Shah by the Iranian Assembly on December 12, 1925. He took his imperial oath on December 15, 1941 and so became the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. Shah Reza Pahlavi Out of his marriage with Taj al Molouk (1896 - 1980) his son and successor Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Pahlavi dynasty - Pahlavi dynasty In 1921 Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi), an officer in Iran's only military force (Cossack Brigade) used his troops to support a coup against the government of Qajar Dynasty. Within four years he had established himself as the most powerful person in the country by suppressing rebellions and establishing order. In 1925 a specially convened assembly deposed Ahmad Shah, the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, and named Reza Khan, who earlier had adopted the surname Pahlavi, as the new shah. Reza Shah had ambitious plans for modernizing of Iran. These plans included developing large-scale industries, implementing major infrastructure projects, building a cross-country railroad system, establishing a national public education system, reforming the judiciary, and improving health care. He believed a strong, centralized.
List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century - Kingdom ceased to be Queen when the country became a republic in 1970. Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II deposed following Germany's defeat in World War I in 1918. (d.1941) Ghana Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceased to be Queen when the country became a republic in 1960. Greece King Constantine II - deposed by referendum abolishing monarchy in 1973 (and re-run in 1974) Guyana Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceased to be Queen when the country became a republic in 1970. Hesse and the Rhine Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig deposed in 1918 (d.1937) Hungary King Charles IV - refused permission to assume residency and constitutional functions in the Kingdom of Hungary following the end of World War I by the Regent of Hungary. Died in exile in 1922..
History of Iran - the First World War The seventh century Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran was followed by conquests by the Seljuk Turks, the Mongols, and Tamerlane. Iran underwent a revival under the Safavid dynasty (1502-1736), the most prominent figure of which was Shah Abbas. The conqueror Nadir Shah and his successors were followed by the Zand dynasty, founded by Karim Kahn, and later the Qajar (1795-1925) and the Pahlavi dynasties (1925-1979). Modern Iranian history began with a nationalist uprising against the Shah (who remained in power) in 1905, the granting of a limited constitution in 1906 (making the country a constitutional monarchy), and the discovery of oil in 1908. The key to the region was the British discovery of oil, see William Knox D'Arcy and British Petroleum. Control of the region was disputed between.
History of the United States (1964-1980) - Following the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arab members of OPEC announced they would no longer ship petroleum to nations supporting Israel, that is, to the United States and Western Europe. At the same time, other OPEC nations agreed to raise their prices 400 percent. Motorists faced long lines at gas stations; public and private facilities closed down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and laid off workers. No single factor did more to produce the soaring inflation of the 1970s. Inflationary pressures led to key shifts in economic policies. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, recessions—periods of slow economic growth and high unemployment—were viewed as the greatest of economic threats, which could be counteracted by heavy government spending or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more.
1941 - World War II: Germany attacks the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa June 25 - World War II: Finland attacked by the Soviet Union seeks the opportunity of revanche in the Continuation War. July 5 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River. July 7 - World War II: American forces land in Iceland to forestall an invasion by the Nazis. July 26 - World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States. July 31 - Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS general Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for.
History of Persia - Dynasty, 1502-1736 7 Afsharid Dynasty, 1736-1749 8 Zand Dynasty, 1750-1794 8.6 Qajar Dynasty, 1779-1925 8.7 Pahlavi Dynasty, 1925-1979 Dynasties See the Dutch version for a more detailed list. Median Dynasty Deioces 728-675 BC Phraortes 675-653 BC Cyaxares 625-585 BC Astyages 585-550 BC The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC. Achaemenid dynasty Achaemenes of Anshan. Teispes of Anshan, his son. Cyrus I of Anshan, his son. Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes and co-ruler of Cyrus I. Cambyses I of Anshan, son of Cyrus I. Arsames of Persia, son of Ariaramnes and co-ruler of Cambyses I Cyrus II the Great, son of Cambyses I, ruled from c.550 - 530 BC. Cambyses II, his son, ruled 530.
Golestan Palace - Agha Mohamd Khan Qajar (1742-1797) chose Tehran as his capital. The Arg became the site of the Qajar (1794-1925).Court and Golestan Palace became the official residence of the royal family. During the Pahlavi era (1925-1979) Golestan Palace was used for formal royal receptions. The most important ceremonies to be held in the Palace during the Pahlavi era were the coronation of Reza Khan (r. 1925-1941) in Takht-e Marmar and the coronation of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (r. 1941-deposed 1979) in the Museum Hall. In its present state, Golestan Palace is the result of roughly 400 years construction and renovations. The buildings at the contemporary location each have a unique history..
Fawzia of Egypt - King Fuad I of Egypt and his wife, Queen Nazli Sabri and the first wife of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. She was born at Ras al-Tine Palace, in Alexandria, Egypt, on November 5, 1921. Her nickname is Wuzzy. Princess Fawzia married on March 16, 1939 at Cairo and later divorced November 17, 1948 H.I.M. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran (1919 -1980). They had one daughter, Princess Shahnaz (born October 27, 1940; married 1st, Ardeshir Zahedi, Iranian Ambassador to the United States; married 2nd, Khosrow Jahanbani). On March 28, 1949 in Cairo, she married Colonel Ismail Husain Shirin Bey (1919-1994), the onetime Minister for War and Marine, and had two more children. Her sister Princess Fawkia's son Ahmad Fakhri Bey was married to Gloria Rubio.
Farah Diba - 1938 in Tehran, Iran) was the third wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran and the last Empress of Iran. She was born in Tehran to Sohrab Diba and Farideh Diba, she was the only child. Her father Sohrab was a military officer whose family was originally from Azerbaijan, he died when she was a child. Her mother oversaw Farah's education. While a student, she met the Shah numerous times. He eventually proposed to her, and the two were wed on December 21, 1959. She gave birth to four children with the Shah: Reza II (born on October 30, 1960) Farahnaz (born on March 12, 1963) Ali Reza (born on April 28, 1966) Leila (March 27, 1970 - June 10, 2001). After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 she escorted her husband.
1948 - National Health Service Act enacted. July 20 - Cold War: President Harry S. Truman issues the first peacetime military draft in the United States amid increasing tensions with the Soviet Union. July 26 - U.S. President signs Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces July 31 - At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated. September 4 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands abdicates for health reasons. September 6 - Juliana becomes Queen of the Netherlands. November 2 - U.S. presidential election, 1948: Harry S. Truman defeats Thomas E. Dewey for the US presidency. November 12 - In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death, including General Hideki.
1939 - becomes Pope March 3 - In Bombay, Mohandas Gandhi begins to fast in protest of the autocratic rule in India. March 15 - German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. March 16 - Marriage of Princess Fawzia of Egypt to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran March 22 - Germany takes Memel from Lithuania March 28 - Dictator Francisco Franco conquers Madrid, ending the Spanish Civil War April 4 - Faisal II becomes King of Iraq. April 7 - Italy invades Albania. May 22 - Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel. July 4 - The concentration camp Neuengamme becomes autonomous. July 6 - Holocaust: The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed. August 23 - Hitler and Stalin divide eastern Europe.
1919 - 1 - J. D. Salinger, novelist January 13 - Army Archerd, Hollywood journalist January 13 - Robert Stack, actor January 14 - Andy Rooney, television journalist January 23 - Hans Haas, zoologist and underwater scientist January 23 - Ernie Kovacs, comedian (+ 1962) January 25 - Edwin Newman, journalist, writer January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, musician, actor (d. 1972) January 31 - Jackie Robinson, baseball player (d. 1972) February 5 - Andreas Papandreou, Greek politician (d. 1996) February 5 - Red Buttons, actor February 11 -Gretchen Fraser, slalom skier. February 11 - Eddie Robinson, football coach. February 12 - Forrest Tucker, actor (d. 1986) February 13 - Tennessee Ernie Ford, musician (d. 1991) March 2 - Jennifer Jones, actress March 11 - Mercer Ellington, musician, composer (+ 1996) March 15 -.
1967 - War: Operation Cochise initiated - United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley. August 15 - British Labour Government bans pirate radio stations. August 19 - West Germany receives 36 East Germany prisoners it has "purchased" through the border posts of Herleshausen and Wartha. August 21 - Truce in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. August 21 - The People's Republic of China announces that it has shot down American planes violating its airspace. August 25 - Leader of American Nazi Party, George Lincoln Rockwell, is shot dead. September 1 - Ilse Koch, also known as the "Bitch of Buchenwald", commits suicide in the Bavarian prison of Aichach. September 2 - Roughs Tower claimed by Paddy Roy Bates, declared Principality of Sealand September 3 - Nguyen Van.
August 19 - Afghanistan gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1929 - The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its NBC debut starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll. 1934 - The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio. 1942 - World War II: The Dieppe Raid - Allied forces raid Dieppe in France. 1945 - Vietnam War: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam. 1953 - Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and reinstate the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. 1955 - In the Northeast United States, severe flooding caused by Hurricane Diane, claims 200 lives. 1960 - Cold War: In Moscow, downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to ten years imprisonment by the Soviet.
Background history of the September 11, 2001 attacks - from the U.S. The U.S. also has military bases in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman. 1954-1979: United States backs the Iranian monarchy led by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. This rule gradually loses the population's favor, as in addition to its ruthless and dictatorial nature (including a brutal secret police), they see it as alien and secular, and gradually fundamental Shi'ite Islam strengthens. 1967: United States holds that Israel should withdraw from territory won in the Six-Day War (Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights), and agrees with both the UN and Israel that it should do so as part of a comprehensive peace agreement (see UN Security Council Resolution 242). 1972: The North tower of the World Trade Center is completed. 1973: The South tower of the World.
SAVAK - Iran from 1957-1979. It was founded in 1957 with the assistance of the CIA. Its mission was to protect the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, and control opposition. Its first director was General Teymur Bakhtiar, who was replaced by General Hosain Pakravan in 1961 and later assassinated. Pakravan was replaced in 1966 by General Nematollah Nassiri, a close friend of the Shah, and the service was reorganized and became increasingly active in the face of rising Islamic militancy and political unrest. SAVAK was part of the Office of the Prime Minister and had strong ties with the military. The service had almost unlimited powers of arrest and detention, it operated its own holding centres, Komiteh and Evin. It is almost universally accepted that SAVAK routinely subjected detainees to extreme physical.
