Alexandrian school of anatomy - of the human body being submitted to examination previous to the time of Erasistratus and Herophilus; and it is vain to look for authentic facts on this point before the foundation of the Ptolemaic dynasty of sovereigns in Egypt. This event, which, as is generally known, succeeded the death of Alexander, 320 years before the Christian era, collected into one spot the scattered embers of literature and science, which were beginning to languish in Greece under a weak and distracted government and an unsettled state of society. The children of her divided states, whom domestic discord and the uncertainties of war rendered unhappy at home, wandered into Egypt, and found, under the fostering hand of the Alexandrian monarchs, the means of cultivating the sciences, and repaying with interest to the country.
History of Libya - three great cities (tri + polis) of Oea, Sabrata and Leptis Magna (site of magnificent Roman ruins). Carthage and its dependencies fell to Rome after the Third Punic War. Tripoli is the ancient sea port at the terminus of three great caravan routes linking the coast with Lake Chad and Timbuktu across the Sahara. Near the port of Tripoli stands a Roman triumphal arch with four richly sculpured fronts of white marble, the blocks being held together with cramps. It was begun in the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius, according to a still-unmutilated dedicatory inscription, and finished under Marcus Aurelius. In ancient times, the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, the armies of Alexander the Great and his Ptolemaic successors from Egypt, then Romans, Vandals, and local representatives of the Byzantine Empire ruled.
Abbreviation - particular collocations of letters represented by somewhat arbitrary symbols. The commonest form of abbreviation is the substitution for a word of its initial letter; but, with a view to prevent ambiguity, one or more of the other letters are frequently added. In some languages, letters are often doubled to indicate a plural or a superlative. In modern English there are several conventions in use for abbreviations and it may not be clear which one is best. Publishers sometimes express their preferences in a style guide. Some of the questions which may arise: Upper or lower case letters? If the original word was capitalised, then the first letter of its abbreviation will also be capital, e.g., U.S. for United States. But when abbreviating lower case letters, there is no clear guide. Usage.
History of Greek and Roman Egypt - brought Egypt within the orbit of the Greek world for the next 900 years. After 300 years of rule by the Macedonian Ptolemies, Egypt was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 30 BC, and was ruled first from Rome and then from Constantinople until the Arab conquest in AD 639. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Ptolemaic Egypt 1.1 Ptolemy I 1.2 Ptolemy II 1.3 Ptolemy III 1.4 The decline of the Ptolemies 1.5 The later Ptolemies 2 Roman Egypt 2.6 Roman rule in Egypt 2.7 Christian Egypt 2.8 Byzantine Egypt 3 Related articles 4 Reference Ptolemaic Egypt In 332 BC Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, conquered Egypt, with little resistance from the Persians. He was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. He visited Memphis, and went on pilgrimage to.
Ptolemy - Ptolemy The Ptolemaic dynasty, of Macedonian origin, ruled Egypt as pharaohs from 323 B.C, when Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Great's generals, took over Egyptian rule. The dynasty lasted until the death of the most famous member of the family, Cleopatra VII, in 31 B.C, shortly after the Battle of Actium. Egypt was then annexed to Rome. Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Klaudios Ptolemaios; A.D. circa 85 - circa 165), known in English as Ptolemy, was a Greek astronomer who probably lived and worked in Alexandria in Egypt. Ptolemy was the author of the astronomical treatise which is now known as the Almagest (in Greek Hè Megalè Syntaxis, "The Great Treatise"). It was preserved, like most of Classical Greek science, in Arabic manuscripts (hence its familiar name) and only.
Second French Empire - Second French Empire This article is part of the History of France series. Gaul Franks France in the Middle Ages Valois Dynasty Bourbon Dynasty French Revolution First French Empire French Restoration Second Republic Second French Empire Third Republic France during World War II Fourth Republic Fifth Republic The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second republic and the Third Republic, in France. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Steps towards Empire 2 Ideals of Napoleon III 3 Prosperity and Culture 4 Foreign Affairs 4.1 The Crimean War 4.2 The Italian Question 4.3 Franco-Prussian War Steps towards Empire The anti-parliamentary constitution instituted by Napoleon III on January 14, 1852 was largely a repetition of that of.
Ptolemy I of Egypt - and India. At the Susa marriage festival in 324 BC Alexander caused him to marry the Persian princess Artacama; but there is no further mention of this Asiatic bride in the history of Ptolemy. When Alexander died in 323 BC the resettlement of the empire at Babylon is said to have been made at Ptolemy's instigation. At any rate he was now appointed satrap of Egypt under the nominal kings Philip Arrhidaeus and the young Alexander. He at once took a high hand in the province by killing Cleomenes, the financial controller appointed by Alexander the Great; he also subjugated Cyrenaica. He contrived to get possession of Alexander's body which was to be interred with great pomp by the imperial government and placed it temporarily in Memphis. This act led to.
List of Egypt-related topics - Giza - Great Pyramid of Giza H Hapi - Harakhti - Hathor - Hatmehit - Hatshepsut of Egypt - Hedetet - Heget - Heh - Heliopolis - Hemen - Hemsut - Hermanubis - Hesat - Heron - Hetepet - Hez-ur - Hieratic - Hieroglyph - Hike - History of Ancient Egypt - History of early Arab Egypt History of Ottoman Egypt - History of Egypt - History of Greek and Roman Egypt - History of Modern Egypt - Horus - Suad Husni - Hyksos I Ihu - Imiut - Imhotep - Immutef - Imset - Ipet - Isis - Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty - Isten J Juesaes - Junit K Ka - Karnak - Kebechet - Kemwer - Mohammed Mahmoud Khalil and his Wife - Khem - Khentimentiu - Khepri - Kis.
The Brittas Empire - The Brittas Empire The Brittas Empire was a British television sitcom, that ran between 1991 and 1997. It starred Chris Barrie as the title character, Gordon Brittas, the petty-minded manager of Whitbury-Newtown Leisure centre. The main adversary was Councillor Drugget. This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by fixing it. External Links The British Sitcom Guide.
Karl Pearson - and left the residue of his estate to the University of London for a Chair in Eugenics. Pearson was the first holder of this chair, in accordance with Galton's wishes. He formed the Department of Applied Statistics, into which he incorporated the Biometric and Galton laboratories. He remained with the department until his retirement in 1933, and continued to work until his death in 1936. Pearson married Maria Sharpe in 1890, and between them they had 2 daughters and a son. The son, Egon Sharpe Pearson, succeeded him as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College. Aside from his professional life, Pearson was active as a prominent freethinker and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragette movement in.
Julius Caesar - began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. His dramatic assassination on the Ides of March became the catalyst of a second set of civil wars which became the twilight of the Roman Republic and the dawn of the Roman Empire under Caesar's grand-nephew and posthumously adopted son, Caesar Augustus. Caesar's military campaigns are known in detail from his own written Commentaries (Commentarii), and many details of his life are recorded by later historiographers like Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Mestrius Plutarch, and Lucius Cassius Dio. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early life 2 Caesar's cursus honorum 3 The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War 4 The Civil War 5 The Literary Caesar 6 The Military Caesar 7 Caesar's Name 8 Caesar's Marriages and Offspring 9 Chronology 10 Related topics 11 External Links.
Jules Simon - oath of allegiance to the government of Louis Napoleon after the coup d'état was followed by his dismissal from his professorship, and he devoted himself to philosophical and political writings of a popular order. Le Devoir (1853), which was translated into modern Greek and Swedish, was followed by La Religion naturelle (1856, Eng. trans., 1887), La Liberté de conscience (1857), La Liberté politique (1859), La Liberté civile (1859), L'Ouvrière (1861), L'Ecole (1864), Le Travail (1866), L'Ouvrier de huit ans (1867) and others. In 1863 he was returned to the Corps Législatif for the 8th circonscription of the Seine, and supported "les Cinq" in their opposition to the government. He became minister of instruction in the government of National Defence on September 5 1870. After the capitulation of Paris in January 1871.
Victor Cousin - Cousin were Théodore Simon Jouffroy, Jean Philibert Damiron, Garnier, Jules Barthelemy Saint-Hilaire, Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, Charles de Rémusat, Jules Simon and Adolphe Franck--Jouffroy and Damiron were first fellow-followers. students and then disciples. Jouffroy always kept firm to the early--the French and Scottish--impulses of Cousin's teaching. Cousin continued to lecture for two and a half years after his return to the chair. Sympathizing with the revolution of July, he was at once recognized by the new government as a friend of national liberty. Writing in June 1833 he explains both his philosophical and his political position:- "I had the advantage of holding united against me for many years both the sensational and the theological school. In 1830 both schools descended into the arena of politics. The sensational school quite naturally produced the demagogic.
Islam and Judaism - are articles on Islam and anti-Semitism and Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early relationship between Islam and Judaism 2 The Golden Age 3 Under the Almohades 4 In the Ottoman Empire 4.1 In Jewish mystical literature 5 Interplay between Jewish and Muslim philosophy 6 Rise of First Radical School 6.2 Argument for Creation 7 Saadia Gaon 7.3 Neoplatonic Philosophy 7.4 The Apotheosis of Philosophy 7.5 Maimonides 7.6 Averroism 7.7 Influence on Exegesis 7.8 Post-Zionism relations Early relationship between Islam and Judaism The founder of Islam, Mohammed claimed to be heir to the Biblical tradition of prophets. As the next and final prophet of God, Mohammed preached that the pagan Arabs of his time should repent of their ways, and accept the belief in.
Islam as a political movement - at different times incorporated elements of many other political movements. A common theme in the 20th century was resistance to racism, colonialism, and imperialism, as the Ottoman Empire, British Empire, and today what some call oil imperialism and global economic monoculture challenge traditional Islamic culture. Feminism and Marxism are often thought of as categorically opposed to Islamic fundamentalism, but this has not always been true. Militant Islam and its influences are dealt with in another article on that topic. Modern Islamic philosophy is also covered separately. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 The term 'Islamist' 2 Islam is inherently political 2.1 The Islamic State 2.2 Islam is sometimes militant 3 History of Islam as a political movement 4 Modern debates 4.3 Perception of persecution 4.4 Reactive Islam 5 The many strains of.
History of Palestine - they defeated. Similarly, Jerusalem, Palestine's historic capital, was renamed Aelia Capitolina. For nineteen hundred years afterwards, the region was subject to successive waves of invaders, each of which left some mark on its people and landscape. This can be attributed to Palestine's strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, and its unique religious status as a "Holy Land" to the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In 1917, the British captured the region from the Ottoman Empire and called it Palestine, after the longstanding Roman name for the area. This came at a time of renewed interest in the country among the European powers, Arab nationalists, and Jewish Zionists, who sought to reestablish their ancient homeland there. Competition between the latter two groups came to a head.
History of Israel - other than a religion. Secular Zionists, by contrast, were intent on seeing it primarily as an ethnic group -- many of the Zionists had rejected Judaism, but still viewed themselves as in some sense "Jewish". Many Hasidim and other ultra-Orthodox Jews believed that any attempt to return to Israel before the coming of the Messiah was sacriligeous. The Lubavitcher Rebbes, for instance, were anti-Zionist. Conservative Judaism, which in the 1800s was more of a scholarly school of thought than a formal denomination, has always been Zionist. Since the Holocaust, however, Judaism has become overwhelmingly Zionist. Today all of Reform, Conservative and Modern Orthodoxy is staunchly Zionist; and even the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox Jews) have changed from anti-Zionism (active opposition to Zionism) to non-Zionism (neutrality towards Zionism.) Secular non-Zionist Jewish movements no longer.
History of modern anatomy - of unclaimed poor in the workhouse infirmaries, but a few are obtained each year from the general hospitals. Occasionally a well-to-do person, following the example of Jeremy Bentham, leaves his body for the advancement of science, but even then, if his relatives object, it is not received. The ample supply of subjects obtained by legitimate means which the anatomy act provided was followed by the opening of anatomical schools at all the great London hospitals and the universities, with the result that anatomical research was stimulated and textbooks embodying the latest discoveries were brought out. It is wonderful, however, how much descriptive anatomy was taught in the days before textbooks were common and how much of what is essential to the study of surgery and medicine the students knew. In looking.
Great Apostasy - Church is infallibly directed so that it always stands in the truth; and indeed, that the Church has the promise of Christ that it shall do so. In contrast, the Protestants claimed that the Church since the Apostles only speaks infallibly in the Scriptures, and should not expect to be completely free of error at any time until the end of the world, but rather must remain continually vigilant to maintain a biblical (and therefore, authoritative) doctrine and faith, or else fall away from the Christian faith and become an enemy of the truth. In the Reformation view of church history, the true church cannot declare itself infallible, but rather calls itself ecclesia semper reformanda ("the church always reforming"), the church that is always repenting of error. This Protestant view is.
François Guizot - Suard, the Publiciste. This connexion introduced him to the literary society of Paris. In October 1809, aged twenty-two, he wrote a review of François-René de Chateaubriand's Martyrs, which won Chateaubriand's approbation and thanks, and he continued to contribute largely to the periodical press. At Suard's he had made the acquaintance of Pauline Meulan, an accomplished lady fourteen years his senior, who had been forced by the hardships of the Revolution to earn her living by literature, and who was engaged to contribute a series of articles to Suard's journal. These contributions were interrupted by her illness, but immediately resumed and continued by an unknown hand. It was discovered that Francois Guizot had substituted for her. The acquaintance ripened,into friendship and love, and in 1812 Mademoiselle de Meulan married her youthful ally..
