PageRank - to a page counts as a vote of support. The PageRank of a page is defined recursively and depends on the number and PageRank metric of all pages that link to it ("incoming links"). A page that is linked by many pages with high rank receives a high rank itself. If there are no links to a web page there is no support of this specific page. The Google Toolbar PageRank goes from 0 to 10. It seems to be a logarithmic scale. The exact details of this scale are unknown. The name PageRankā¢ is a trademark of Google. Whether or not the pun on the name Larry Page and the word "page" was intentional or accidental remains an open question. The PageRank process has been patented (US Patent number 6,285,999)..
Crop circle - the above ideas and prefer to follow the precept of Occam's Razor which would favor a mundane explanation; namely human activity. However a number of witnesses have claimed to have observed circles being created saying that it takes a few seconds and the corn falls flat like a fan being opened. Cerealogists go on to state that there are other features of crop circles that undercut the hoax theory. They say that bends in the corn in many circles are just below a joint, however they state that flattening produces a crack at any point in the stem. Also the flattened corn often lies in groomed layers, rather than random crushings. Not long after WWII, aerial archaeological surveys were made over large areas of Britain. They photographed ripening crops to reveal.
Parapsychology - of experimental results far exceeds that commonly required to establish results in other fields, sometimes by orders of magnitude. Indeed, many parapsychologists have moved on from proof-oriented research intented primarily to establish the existence of psi phenomena to "process-oriented" research intended to explore the parameters of psi phenomena. Time will tell whether these results prove to be evanescent as well. James Randi and The Randi Challenge Magicianian James Randi demands that magicians as well as scientists be included as observers of psychic experiments, to help detect trickery. Professional magicians such as Randi have claimed that the feats performed by people who claim to be psychics can also be achieved by concealed and fraudulent physical manipulation; Randi, Penn & Teller, and other stage magicians often publicly perform such tricks in public, and.
Genetic programming - shape for each program used in the program pools. The application of a tree representation (and required genetic operators) for using genetic algorithms to generate programs was first described in 1985 by Cramer. Koza, though he did not invent genetic programming, is indisputably the field's most prolific and persuasive author. So far GPs have successfully solved some toy problems, such as the lawn mower problem, but the method is very computationally intensive, and may not compare favourably where simpler methods, such as genetic algorithms or random optimisation can be used instead. It is possible that some more complex problems may be more amenable to solution using GPs than other optimization methods. Unfortunately, due to the lack of solid theory regarding the performance of genetic programming vs. traditional search methods (such as.
Tangram - American Book of Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions, Martin Garner, Simon & Schuster, 1961 A Heuristic Solution to the Tangram Puzzle, E. S. Deutsch & K. C. Hayes Jr., Machine Intelligence v7, p205-240, 1972 A Sage's Journey, The Story of Tangrams, John L. Lehet, Mathmaverick Press, 1998 A Teacher's Guide to Tangram Mastery, Allan F. Hirsch, Alleyoop Enterprises, 1996 A Theorem on Tangram, F. T. Wang & C. C. Hsiung, American Mathematical Monthly v49, 1942 Adventure of the Beutiful Princess in Triangle Land, F. Gregory Hartswick, Siman & Schuster Publishers, 1925 Amusements in Mathematics, H. E. Dudeney, Dover Publications, 1958 Anno's Math Games, Mitsumasa Anno, Philomel Books Creative Puzzles of the World, Pieter Van Delft & Jack Botermans, Harry N, Abrams Inc., 1978 Geometry and Fractions with Tangrams, Barbara Bando Irvin Granfather.
Catch phrase - time..." - Mae West "D'oh!" - Homer Simpson "Did I do that?" - Steve Urkel "Drat and double drat!" - Dick Dastardly in Wacky Races "Dy-no-mite!" - Jimmie Walker "Eat my shorts!" Bart Simpson "Fascinating." - Mr. Spock in Star Trek "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead..." - Chevy Chase, on the TV show Saturday Night Live "Go ahead. Make my day."* - Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan in Sudden Impact "Good Grief!" - Charlie Brown "Good night, Mrs. Calabash, wherever you are!" - Jimmy Durante "H'Arsenal!" - Eric Morecambe (originally a quiz answer disguised as a cough, thereafter a random interjection) "He could go all the way!" - Howard Cosell; later Chris Berman in a parody of Cosell's distinctive voice "He fallen in the water!" Spike Milligan as Little Jim.
Comparing and contrasting Judaism and Christianity - brief, he holds that the job description, as such, is this: All of the people Israel will come back to Torah; The people of Israel with be gathered back to the land of Israel; The Temple in Jerusalem will be rebuilt; Israel will live among the nations as an equal, and will be strong enough to defend herself; Eventually, war, hatred and famine will end, and an era of peace and prosperity will come upon the Earth. Christians hold Jesus to be the messiah foretold in the Hebrew Bible. He is believed to be the son of God in a literal sense, fully human, and simultaneously divine, fully God. In this view, Jesus the messiah is the son of God who offers salvation to all humans. Christian readings of the Hebrew.
Rally Navigation techniques, tips and tricks - numbers along the north-south axis are called NORTHINGS. When giving a grid refernence, the Eastings are given first, then the Northings. A mnemonic for this is "crawl before you walk", though that may not help some! A six figure standard grid reference provides a resolution to 1/10th of a grid square, which is 100 metres on the ground. The 1:50,000 map can be used down to 25 metres on the ground, which is where the longer references come in. For pinpoint accuracy - always needed for plotting on rallies - a romer is essential. This is a transparent ruler device which matches the scale of the map being used. By aligning the ruler marks accurately over the map, a pencil mark may be made at the exact spot given by the.
Scarab beetle - laying its eggs in animal dung. The scarab was considered sacred to the Ancient Egyptians because it "mirrored the way the great god Ra rolled the sun across the sky each day" by rolling dung balls around. Because most of the scarab species work with dung they are commonly referred to as dung beetles. Dung beetles live in many different habitats including: desert, farmland, forest, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They occur on all continents except Antarctica. The majority of the dung beetle diet is dung. They will eat dung from a variety of animals as long as the animal is herbivorous. Dung beetles also feed on mushrooms, leaves, and decaying matter. Dung beetles do not need to eat anything else because the dung provides.
Radium - Radium Francium - Radium - Actinium Ba Ra Full table General Namefart, Symbol, Number Radium, Ra, 88 Series Alkali earth metals Group, Period, Block 2(IIA), 7 , s Density, Hardness 5000 kg/m3, no data Appearance Silvery white metallic Atomic Properties Atomic weight (226.0254) amu Atomic radius 215 pm Covalent radius no data van der Waals radius no data Electron configuration [Rn]7s7s2 e- 's per energy level 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 Oxidation states (Oxide) 2 (strong base) Crystal structure Cubic body centered Physical Properties State of matter solid (nonmagnetic) Melting point 973 K (1292 °F) Boiling point 2010 K (3159 °F) Molar volume 41.09 ×1010-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization no data Heat of fusion 37 kJ/mol Vapor pressure 327 Pa at 973 K Speed of sound no.
Karl Pearson - 1911: awarded a DSc from University of London 1920: offered (and refused) the OBE 1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft 1935: offered (and refused) a knighthood He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club. Contributions to Statistics Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine and social history. In 1901, with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal till his death. He also founded the journal Annals of Eugenics (now Annals of Human Genetics) in.
H2G2 - wanting to become a Wikipedian, please take a look at our guide for h2g2 Researchers. h2g2 is an online community engaged in the construction of a guide to life, the universe, and everything. Much of it is encyclopedic, but the site also covers more esoteric subjects, such as plastic bag bras, teaching your cat to fetch, or burying oneself in sand. The site was founded in April 1999 by the author Douglas Adams and some of his friends as the Earth edition of The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy (Adams, of course, was famous for the Radio Series/TV Series/Book Series/Play of the same name). h2g2 serves as a handy abbreviation for that rather lengthy title, with the advantage that most people are able to spell it. Like many other dot-com companies,.
Hard disk - the head scrapes across the platter surface, grinding away the thin magnetic film. Head crashes can also be caused by electronic failure, wear and tear, or poorly manufactured disks. Access and interfaces A hard disk is generally accessed over one of a number of bus types, including ATA (IDE, EIDE), SCSI, FireWire/IEEE 1394, and Fibre Channel. From late 2002 Serial ATA was introduced to improve upon the performance of ATA. Performance There are three primary factors that determine hard drive performance: seek time, latency and data transfer rate, plus several subsiduary factors: Seek time is a measure of the speed with which the drive can position its read/write heads over any particular data track. Because neither the starting position of the head nor the distance from there to the desired track.
Homeopathy - the patient. These remedies are intended to stimulate the immune system, helping to cure the illness. Current acceptance status of homeopathy Homeopathy has attracted practitioners for more than a century and a half, many of whom have put forth claims of evidence for its efficacy. Homeopathy is rejected as pseudoscience (functioning to some extent through the placebo effect) by the majority of the scientific and medical establishment in the United States and Western Europe. Nevertheless, there is a large market for homeopathic treatments in parts of Europe and in some other nations like India; in Germany, homeopathy and other forms of alternative medicine are covered by health insurance (approval of such remedies does not depend on proven efficacy). Homeopathy in much of Europe is generally unregulated, prompting suggestions that homeopathic doctors.
File sharing - in the real sense of uploading and downloading (like anti-hoarding functions) and in the more ethereal sense of being bulletproof towards legal issues (as with anonymity and decentralization). List of file-sharing utilities FTP File Transfer Protocol Kermit Operating System File-Sharing Protocols Network File System (NFS) Samba or SMB Appleshare Operating System File-Sharing Servers Windows 2000 Server Linux Novell Mac OS Server HTTP Servers Apache HTTP Server IIS Microsoft Internet Information Services User agents Mozilla, IE, Konqueror, etc. User agents Mozilla CuteFTP IRC Hotline OpenNap protocol Directory servers OpenNap Server User agents Napster Gnapster WinMX Gnutella BearShare Gnucleus Limewire Morpheus Shareaza XoloX Freenet protocol Espra Audiogalaxy iMesh Direct Connect NeoModus Direct Connect DC++ BCDC++ CZDC++ FastTrack protocol KaZaA Grokster OpenFT protocol giFT eDonkey protocol eDonkey2000 eMule mlDonkey Overnet SoulSeek Categories of clients:.
Forsyth-Edwards Notation - FEN is an integral part of the Portable Game Notation for chess games, since FEN is used to define initial positions other than the standard one. Notations such as FEN are critical for recording games in chess variants such as Fischer Random Chess where the initial position is not necessarily the traditional initial position. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 External References Definition A FEN "record" defines a particular game position, all in one text line and using only the ASCII character set. A text file with only FEN data records should have the file extension ".fen". A FEN record contains 6 fields. The separator between fields is a space. The fields are: Piece placement (from white's perspective). Each rank is described, starting with rank 8 and ending.
Enigma machine - the others, and the German military/party models used different rotor wirings than did the commercial models. Inside the machine were three slots (in most variants) into which the rotors could be placed. The rotors were "stacked" in the slots in such a way that the contacts on the "output" side of one rotor were in contact with the "input" contacts on the next. The third rotor was connected to a reflector (unique to the Enigma family amongst the various rotor machines designed in the period) which was hard wired to feed outputs of the third rotor back into different contacts of the third rotor, thence back to the first rotor, but by a different route. In the picture you can see the three stacked rotors at the very top of the.
Capitalism - competing (and contentious) theories that developed in the 19th century, in the context of the industrial revolution, and 20th century, in the context of the Cold War, meant to justify the private ownership of capital, to explain the operation of such markets, and to guide the application or elimination of government regulation of property and markets and beliefs about the advantages of such practices. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Etymology 2 Capitalism as an economic system 3 Characteristics of Capitalist Economies 3.1 Economic Growth 3.2 Distribution of Wealth 3.3 Evolving Network Structure 3.4 Unknown/Unapproved Direction of Capitalist Economies 3.5 Unemployment/Employment 4 Criticisms of Capitalism 5 Capitalism and Imperialism 6 Capitalism as an ideology 6.6 Capitalism and political ideologies 7 Arguments for and against capitalism 8 Why does no one agree what.
The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything - and Everything, as given by the supercomputer Deep Thought to a group of mice in Douglas Adams's comic science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is "42". According to the Guide, mice are 3-dimensional profiles of a pan-dimensional, hyper-intelligent race of beings. They built Deep Thought, the second greatest computer of all time and space, to tell them the answer to the question of life, the universe and everything. After seven and a half million years the computer divulges the answer: 42. "Forty-two!" yelled Loonquawl. "Is that all you've got to show for seven and a half million years' work?" "I checked it very thoroughly," said the computer, "and that quite definitely is the answer. I think the problem, to be quite honest with you, is that you've never.
CPU design - With enough transistors, the CPU could do everything at once. However all all those transistors make the chip larger, and therefore more expensive. The transistors also use power, which means that they generate heat that must be removed. The heat also makes the design less reliable. Since compiling happens only once on the developer's machine, the control logic is "canned" in the final realization of the program. This means that it consumes no transistors, and no power, and therefore is free, and generates no heat. The resulting CPU is simpler, and runs at least as fast as if the prediction were in the CPU. There were several unsuccessful attempts to commercialize VLIW. The basic problem is that a VLIW computer does not scale to different price and performance points, as a.
