Slavic languages - languages The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the languages of the Slavic peoples. They are a group of Indo-European languages spoken in most of Eastern Europe, much of the Balkans, parts of Central Europe, and the northern part of Asia. Scholars divide the Slavic languages into three branches: South Slavic, which is further split into Western and Eastern subgroups. The Western subgroup is composed of the Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian, languages spoken in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, and adjacent regions. The Eastern subgroup consists of Bulgarian in Bulgaria and adjacent areas, and Macedonian in Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania. West Slavic, which includes Czech in the Czech Republic and Slovak in Slovakia, Upper and Lower Sorbian in Germany, and Lekhitic (Polish and related dialects,.
VDM specification language - VDM specification language VDM Specification Language (VDM-SL, Meta-IV) is a model-oriented specification language, upon which the Vienna Development Method is based. An ISO draft was released in April 1993. Compare: Z specification language, which is the main alternative to VDM-SL. Version: BSI/VDM. ftp://gateway.dec.com/pub/vdmsl_standard. ["The Vienna Development Method: The Meta-Language", D. Bjorner et al eds, LNCS 61, Springer 1978]. ["The VDM-SL Reference Guide", J. Dawes, Pitman 1991]. ["Systematic Software Development Using VDM", C.B. Jones, P-H 1989]. This article was originally based on material from FOLDOC, used with permission. Update as needed..
List of WOSM members - as a federation, with different component groups divided on the basis of religion (France), geography (Denmark), language (Canada), sex (United States) or race (Israel). World Organization of the Scout Movement Members Country Membership (from 2000 or most recent available info) Name of Member Organization Year Current Scouting Organization joined WOSM Year Member Organization was founded Albania 1,730 Besa Skaut Albania 1999 1922 Algeria 11,120 Scouts Musulmans Algériens 1963 1939 Angola 13,777 Associação de Escuteros de Angola 1998 1998 Argentina 44,981 Scouts de Argentina 1922 1912 Armenia 2,256 Hayastani Azgayin Scautakan Sharjum Kazmakerputiun 1997 1912 Australia 98,084 Scouts Australia 1953 1908 Austria 13,785 Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs 1922 1912 Azerbaijan 1,414 Azerbaican Skaut Assosiasiyasi 2000 1997 the Bahamas 729 The Scout Association of the Bahamas 1974 1913 Bahrain 1,820 Boy Scouts of.
List of writing systems - for a description of the different kinds of writing systems. The name of the language the script is used to write follows the name of the script, if different. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Logographic writing systems 2 Syllabaries 3 Alphabets 3.1 Abjads 3.2 Abugidas 4 Undeciphered writing systems 5 Source Logographic writing systems Hieroglypics of Ancient Egypt Hanzi (Chinese) Dongba (Naxi) Vietnamese (Nom, obsolete) Jurchen Kanji (Japanese) Khitan Linear B Mayan Tangut Syllabaries Carrier (Dakelh) Celtiberian Cherokee Cree Cypriot Ge'ez, also called Ethiopic Hiragana (Japanese) Iberian Inuktitut Katakana (Japanese) Kpelle Ndjuká Ojibwe Vai Yi Alphabets Armenian Avestan Bassa Beitha Kukju (Albanian) Coptic Cyrillic Elbasan (Albanian) Etruscan Fraser Asomtavruli (Georgian) Glagolitic (Old Church Slavonic) Gothic Greek Hungarian Runes International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Manchu Mkhedrul (Georgian) Mongolian Latin/Roman N'Ko (Malinke, Bambara, Dyula).
RenderMan - first published in 1988 and was designed to be future-proof enough to encompass advances in technology for a significant number of years. PhotoRealistic RenderMan (PRMan): A RenderMan-compliant rendering software system developed by Pixar themselves based on their own interface specification. This is used internally at Pixar and also licensed to third parties. What set the RenderMan Interface Specification apart from other standards of the time was the specification of a Shading Language (SL), which allowed material descriptions of surfaces to be described not only by adjusting a small set of parameters, but in an arbitrarily complex fashion by using a C like programming language to write shading procedures. Further reading Upstill, Steve. 1990. The RenderMan Companion: A Programmer's Guide to Realistic Computer Graphics. Addison-Wesley (ISBN 0-201-50868-0) Anthony A. Apodaca and Larry.
History of the Slovak language - History of the Slovak language This is a tabular history of the Slovak language. See also History of Slovakia. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early History 2 Standardization: 3 Modern History Early History ;around 500: arrival of the Slavs on the territory of Slovakia ;6th – 7th century: Phonological differentiation within the uniform Slavic language (Proto-Slavic) begins and it also occurs on the territory of Slovakia. For some results of this differentiation, see 9th century. ;9th century: Nitrian principality (till 833) in Slovakia and Great Moravia (833-?907) in Slovakia and Moravia.A dialect exists in central Slovakia that has changed the Proto-Slavic groups –ort-, -olt- in rat-, lat- (as in today standard, Slovak language), e. g. in the name of the Great Moravian prince Rastislav (in Czech Rostislav). Furthermore,.
Slovak language - Slovak language The Slovak language (Slovenčina, Slovenský jazyk): is an Indo-European language, more exactly a West Slavic language (together with mainly the Czech, Polish and Sorbian language) is the official language of Slovakia and since 2004 one of the languages of the EU is spoken in Slovakia (by 4.5 million people), the USA (500.000, emigrants), the Czech Republic (320.000, due to former Czechoslovakia), Hungary (110.000, ancient ethnic minority), Serbia (80.000, ancient ethnic minority), Romania (22.000, ancient ethnic minority), Poland (20.000), Canada (20.000, emigrants), Australia (emigrants), Ukraine, Bulgaria, Croatia, Russia and some other countries has the language code sk or slk or slo (according to ISO 639). The correct American English adjective for the language, people, and culture of Slovakia is Slovak; Slovak belongs to the Slavic group.
Japanese language guide - Japanese language guide This page is intended to give the reader a feel for how the Japanese language is used. This entry is written using romaji for the benefit of English readers. A limited Japanese vocabulary is assumed. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Japanese Basics 1.1 Examples 2 Parts of Speech 3 Basic Grammar 4 Introductory Conversation 5 Example of Basic Japanese Sentence structure 6 See also Japanese Basics The most basic sentence in Japanese consists of a topic (not necessarily the subject), the topic marker wa, and a predicate. The predicate can be in the form of a noun or adjective combined with a copula, or a verb. Examples Watashi wa utsukushii desu. I am beautful. (Literally, "As for me, I am beautful"). Okaasan wa mise.
Islam as a political movement - on them. Some scholars hold that the tarika developed into the more modern militant Islamic movements in reaction to several forces: Before World War I Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and his ally the Ottoman Empire, sought to enlist Islamic and Turkish imperialist movements in general support of resistance to the British Empire - Germany, he claimed in propaganda, had historically been the European defender of Islam as a faith, and had never participated in suppressing it. This was technically true as the country was only formed in 1870 and had few colonial possessions. "The German Kaiser was even prayed for in the mosques of Syria as Mohammed William or Hajji (Holy) Gilliom. Clearly it was only a matter of weeks before Turkey fell completely into the trap and joined with.
Thai language - Thai language Thai (th. ภาษาไทย (paasaa thai), lit. the language of Thai) is the official language of Thailand, and of no other country. It is part of the Tai/Daic language family, whose origin is uncertain but which is sometimes linked to the Austroasiatic, the Austronesian or Sino-Tibetan language families. Thai is a tonal language, with both lexical and grammatical uses of tones. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Dialects 2 Thai alphabet 3 Grammar 3.1 Tones 3.2 Word-Order 3.3 Adjectives 3.4 Verbs 3.5 Nouns 3.6 Pronouns 3.6.1 For conversational use 3.6.2 For sacred and royal use 3.7 Adjectives 3.8 Adverbs 3.9 Polite Particles 3.10 Classes of Thai 4 Six-hour clock 5 Reference 5.11 Learn Thai Dialects The status of many of these dialects is debated. Standard or Central.
Romanian language - Romanian language Romanian (Română) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken by about 28 million people, most of them in Romania, Moldova (where it is the official language) and neighbouring countries. Romanian Spoken Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary, the Balkans, Canada, USA, Germany, Finland. Region Eastern Europe Total speakers 28 Million Ranking 36 Dialects 4 Genetic classification Indo-European Italic Romance East Romance Romanian Official status Official language Romania, Moldova Language codes ISO 639-1 ro ISO 639-2 rum, rou SIL RUM Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 History 2 Vocabulary 3 Geographic distribution 3.1 Official status 3.2 Dialects 4 Grammar 4.3 Pronouns 4.4 Nouns 4.5 Verbs 5 Writing system 5.6 Romanian alphabet 5.7 Group of letters 6 Common words and phrases 7 External Links History The Romanian teritory was.
Universal translator - it is both convenient and almost always infallible. It offers an instant translation of any language, even if that language has never been recorded, as in the case of Star Trek. Usually it ignores any grammar rules between languages, giving it as perfect English. Most of the time, it's depicted as a machine that works with a communications monitor. An exception is the Babel fish from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a small organism that fits in the user's ear. The universal translator is convenient when science is not the main priority, or when the author prefers to ignore linguistic issues. Some writers seek greater plausibility by instead having computer translation that requires collecting a database of the new language, often by listening to radio transmissions. See machine translation and.
Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia - 2.3 Accentuation 2.4 Morphology 2.5 Syntax 2.6 Vocabulary 3 Important notes on understanding Writing Script Though all could use either, the official language in Croatia and one of official languages in Bosnia that is called Bosnian language use exclusively the Latin alphabet while the official language in Serbia uses both Cyrillic alphabet and Latin alphabet. This is possible because all official languages have the same set of phonemes. In some regions of Serbia and Bosnia, the sound "h" does not exist but that is not part of the official languages. In some regions of Croatia and Bosnia, the sounds "č" and "ć" and also "dž" and "đ" are either indistinct or said as ć and đ respectively, but again that is not reflected in the official language. Orthography The official language.
Delphi programming language - Delphi programming language Delphi is a programming language and software development environment. It is produced by Borland (known for a time as Inprise). The Delphi language, formerly known as the Object Pascal Language (the Pascal with object-oriented extensions) originally targeted only Microsoft Windows, but now builds native applications for Linux and the Microsoft .NET Framework as well (see below). Its most popular use is the development of desktop and enterprise database applications, but as a general purpose development tool it is capable of and used for most types of development projects. It was one of the first of what came to be known as RAD tools, for Rapid Application Development, when released in 1995. Delphi 2, released a year later, supported 32-bit Windows environments, and a C++ version,.
AS/400 Command Language - AS/400 Command Language The AS/400 command language (CL) is reminiscient of JCL and consists of an ever expanding set of command objects (*CMD) used to invoke traditional AS/400 programs and/or get help on what those programs do. CL can also be used to create CL programs (congruent to shell scripts) where there are additional commands that provide program-like functionality (GOTO, IF/ELSE, variable declaration, file input, etc.) The vast majority of AS/400 commands were written by IBM developers to perform system level tasks like compiling programs, backing up data, changing system configurations, displaying system object details, or deleting them. Commands are not limited to systems level concerns and can be drafted for user applications as well. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Commands and programs 2 Syntax 3 Prompting 4.
Common phrases in different languages - of common phrases in different languages. It is possible for tourists in a country whose language they do not understand to get along with a surprisingly short list of phrases, combined with pointing, miming, and writing down numbers on paper. You are invited to add more languages to the list. Please use the minimum number of words that would be understandable and put the pronunciation in slashes according to SAMPA transcription if possible. If desired, also add a pseudo-English pronunciation guide for those not familiar with SAMPA or IPA. However, actual pronunciations of the pseudo-English spellings will vary wildly from speaker to speaker. Enclose the "spelling guide" in parentheses, separate syllables with dashes, use English words that sound like the syllables if possible, and render the stressed syllable in ALL CAPS..
Croatian language - Croatian language The Croatian language is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem, formerly (and still frequently) called Serbo-Croatian language. It is used primarily by Croats. Modern Croatian standard language is a continuous outgrowth of more than nine hundred years old literature written in the mixture of Croatian Church Slavonic and vernacular language. If we narrow out the subject, the Croatian Church Slavonic had been abandoned by mid 1400s, and Croatian “purely” vernacular literature has been in existence for more than 5 centuries — a story of remarkable linguistic continuity with only a few shock points. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Early development 2 Modern language and standardisation 3 Illyrian period 4 The Serbian connection 5 Unification and separation with Serbian 6 References 7.
Czech language - Czech language The Czech language is one of the West Slavic languages, along with Slovak, Polish, Pomeranian, and Sorbian. It is spoken by most people in the Czech Republic and by Czechs all over the world (about 12 million native speakers in total). Due to its complexity it is said to be a difficult language to learn. The complexity has several sources: extensive morphology (some words have over 200 possible word forms) seemingly free word order (often all the permutations are valid) It shares these features with other Slavonic languages such as Russian. For foreigners even spoken Czech may be very difficult. For example, some words do not appear to have vowels: zmrzl, ztvrdl, scvrnkl, čtvrthrst. The consonants l and r, however, function as sonorants and.
Sacred language - Sacred language A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. In particular, a liturgical language is a sacred language. The traditions involved in religious ritual and liturgy quite frequently provide a place where archaic forms of language occur. One of the last places the obsolescent English pronoun thou remains in frequent use is in religious liturgy; wherever the Authorised Version of the Bible is read, or older versions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer are in use. The use of a sacred language represents a further development of this practice. Here, language has changed so far from the language of the sacred texts that the language of the.
ScriptBasic programming language - ScriptBasic programming language ScriptBasic is a scripting language variant of BASIC. The source of the compiler is available as a C program under the LGPL license. The compiler generates intermediary code which is then interpreted by a runtime environment. ScriptBasic is available for Windows and Unix and may be embedded in other programs as well. It can create standalone executable files. A runtime library is linked into the executable. It is available in precompiled binaries (setup.exe under Windows and uninstall also supported), dpkg and rpm for Linux and in source code form. The language, the interpreter is fully documented in the Users' Guide available in text, HTML, CHM, TeX, texi and PDF formats. ScriptBasic has been developed since 1999 and has reached a fairly matured state in terms.
