List of medical abbreviations - Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation ABVD doxorubicin bleomycin vinblastine dacarbazine a.c. before food, from Latin, ante cibum ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme ACEI Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACL Anterior cruciate ligament ACTH Adrenocorticoid hormone ADA Adenosine deaminase ADD Attention Deficit Disorder ADH Antidiuretic hormone ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder AF atrial fibrillation AFO ankle-foot orthosis AFP Alpha-fetoprotein AHF Antihemophilic factor AHG Antihemophilic globulin AI Artificial insemination AICD Automatic implanted cardiac defibrillator AID Artificial insemination by donor AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIH artificial insemination by husband ALG Antilymphocytic Globuline ALL Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ALPS Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS Advanced Life Support ALT Alanine transferase AMA Anti-mitochondrial Antibodies AMC arthrogryposis multiplex congenita AML Acute Myelocytic Leukemia AMP Adenosine monophosphate AMS Acute mountain sickness AMS atypical measles syndrome ANA Anti-Nuclear Antibodies.
Diabetes mellitus - 5, and is becoming rapidly more so (see big killers). Long-term diabetes mellitus can have detrimental effects on numerous organs of the body. Prolonged high blood glucose levels lead to endothelial damage - manifesting as microvascular or macrovascular damage. This can lead to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. They include: proliferative retinopathy can lead to blindness; peripheral neuropathy can lead to foot ulcers leading to necrosis and infection (gangrene), eventually requiring amputation; nephropathy can cause chronic renal failure requiring dialysis or transplantation. ischemic heart disease, stroke and neuropathy are other possible complications. Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of renal failure worldwide. It is the most common non-accidental cause of amputation in the US. It is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the US. Generally.
Diabetes dictionary - used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency such as coma. Endocrine glandss Endocrinologist Endogenous - Grown or made inside the body. Insulin made by a person's own pancreas is endogenous insulin. Insulin that is supplied from outside the body (ie, injected or otherwise supplied) is exogenous. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) - The final phase of many kidney diseases; treated by dialysis or kidney transplantation. See also: Dialysis; nephropathy. Enzymes Epidemiology Epinephrine Etiology Euglycemia - A normal level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Exchange lists - A grouping of foods by type to help people on special diets stay on the diet. Each group lists food in serving sizes. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in.
Immunotherapy - researched areas of immunotherapy, and offers the promise of new therapies for cancer, based upon the idea of stimulating the patient's immune system to attack the malignant tumor cells that are responsible for the disease. Since the immune system responds to the environmental factors it encounters on the basis of discrimination between self and non-self, many kinds of tumor cells that arise as a result of the onset of cancer are more or less tolerated by the patient's own immune system since the tumor cells are essentially the patient's own cells that are growing, dividing and spreading without proper regulatory control. In spite of this fact however, many kinds of tumor cells display unusual antigens that are either innapropriate for the cell type and/or its environment, or are only normally present.
Apoptosis - suicide of a cell in a multicellular organism for the greater good of the whole individual. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute tissue injury, apoptosis is carried out in an ordered process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the differentiation of human fingers requires the cells in between the fingers to initiate apoptosis so that the fingers can separate. As will be explained further on, the way the apoptotic process is executed facilitates the safe disposal of cell corpses and fragments. The fact that apoptosis has been the subject of increasing attention and research efforts was highlighted by the award of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Sydney Brenner (Great Britain), H. Robert Horvitz.
Thalidomide - if a human is given D-thalidomide or L-thalidomide, both isomers can be found in the serum. Hence, administering only one enantiomer will not prevent the teratogenic effect in humans. The drug is most toxic if taken orally and is a mild carcinogen. Other symptoms can include peripheral neuritis, numbness, paresthesias in the extremities, peripheral neuropathy, mental confusion, unsteadiness, hypotension, and absent reflexes. Excessive dosages can lead to pulmonary oedema, atelectasis or aspiration pneumonia, and refractory hypotension. Thalidomide was banned for its intended use but it has been found to be effective elsewhere and is currently (2001) undergoing clinical trials with the name Thalomid(R): as an antineoplastic agent, in the treatment of leprosy symtoms (ENL, erythema nodosum leprosum), in HIV related symptoms by reducing inflammation (blocking Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)), for advanced.
Protein kinase - cAMP, the kinase is a tetramer of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits (R2C2), with the regulatory subunits blocking the catalytic center of the catalytic subunits. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunit leads to dissociation of active RC dimers. Also, the catalytic subunit itself can be regulated by phosphorylation. Downregulation of protein kinase A occurs by a feedback mechanism: one of the substrates that is activated by the kinase is a phosphodiestrase, which converts cAMP to AMP, thus reducing the amount of cAMP that can activate protein kinase A. Protein kinase C Protein kinase C is actually a family of protein kinases that require Ca2+, diacylglycerol, and a phospholipid such as phosphatidylcholine for activation. Thus, protein kinase C is activated through the same signal transduction pathway as phospholipase C. At.
A Tale of a Tub - Each of the brothers represents one of the primary branches of Christianity in the west. Peter stands in for the Roman Catholic Church. Jack (who Swift connects to "Jack of Leyden") represents the various dissenting Protestant churches whose modern descendants would include the Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Menonites, and the assorted Charismatic churches. The third brother, middle born and middle standing, is Martin, who Swift uses to represent the 'via media' of the Church of England. The brothers have inherited three wonderfully satisfactory coats (representing religious practice) by their father (representing God), and they have his will (representing the Bible) to guide them. Although the will says that the brothers are forbidden from making any changes to their coats, they do nearly nothing but alter their coats from the start. Inasmuch as.
Folic acid - masking effect of folate fortification on B12 deficiency or pernicious anaemia. However, most North and South American countries now fortify their flour, along with Israel. The UK has recently decided not to fortify, mainly because of the B12 concern. Folic acid and ischaemic heart disease Recent research also points out a further benefit of folic acid: that it can help lower levels of homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine are statistically associated with a risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). At this time, though, there is no proof of cause and effect and as the AHA says: The American Heart Association has not yet called hyperhomocysteinemia (hi"per-ho"mo-sis-TE'in-E'me-ah) (high homocysteine level) a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We don't recommend widespread use of folic acid and B vitamin supplements to reduce the.
Vegetarianism - follow a diet called "I-tal," which eschews the eating of food that has been artificially preserved, flavoured, or chemically altered in any way. Many Rastafarians consider it to also forbid the eating of meat. Genesis 1:29 states "And God said: Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree that has seed-yielding fruit - to you it shall be for food." According to many classical Jewish Bible commentators, this means that God's original plan was for mankind to be vegetarian. According to many rabbis, God later gave permission for man to eat meat because of man's weak nature, but the ideal would be for man to be vegetarian. However, others argue that people may eat animals because God gave.
Korean Buddhism - with the founding of the Seonggwangsa monastery at Mt. Jogye. Because of his thoroughgoing analysis and reformulation of the methodologies of Seon study and practice, Jinul's works are seriously studied down to the present in Korean Seon monasteries. One major issue that had fermented long in Chinese Chan and which had received special focus from Jinul, was the relationship between so-called "gradual" and "sudden" methods in practice and enlightenment. Drawing upon various Chinese treatments of this topic, most importantly those by Zongmi (780-841) and Dahui, (1089-1163) Jinul came up with his famous "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual practice" dictum which he outlined in a few relatively concise and accessible texts. From Dahui Jinul also incorporated the gwanhwa method into his practice. This form of meditation is the main method taught in.
Hard disk - seek time, though full-track (the longest possible) and track-to-track (the shortest possible) seeks are also quoted sometimes. The standard way to measure seek time is to time a large number of disk accesses to random locations, subtract the latency (see below) and take the mean. Note, however, that two different drives with identical average seek times can display quite different performance characteristics. Seek time is always measured in milliseconds (ms), and often regarded as the single most important determinant of drive performance, though this claim is hotly debated. (More on seek time.) All drives have rotational latency: the time that elapses between the moment when the read/write head settles over the desired data track and the moment when the first byte of the required data appeares under the head. For any.
Healing - mixture of both mechanisms. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Healing by regeneration 1.1 Example of regeneration 2 Healing by repair 3 Specific examples of healing Healing by regeneration In order for an injury to be healed by regeneration, the cell type that was destroyed must be able to replicate. Most cells have this ability, although it is believed that cardiac muscle cells and neurons are two important cells that cannot divide. As well as the ability to replicate, there must still be a collagen framework for the cells to grow on. Alongside most cells there is either a basement membrane, or a collagenous network made by fibroblasts that will guide the cells as to where they should grow. As collagen will not be destroyed by ischaemia or most toxins, it will.
Homeopathy - not causes, of disease. Homeopathic remedies A Materia Medica Pura is a listing of symptoms associated with each of a number of substances, produced by homeopathic proving - i.e., the researcher imbibes a toxic dose of the substance and records all physical, mental, emotional and modal symptoms experienced. A homeopathic repertory is a listing of remedies by symptom compiled therefrom, used to determine the most appropriate remedy for a given case. Kent's Repertory (published 1905) lists about 700 different remedies. Today, nearly 3000 different remedies are used in homeopathy, of which approximately 150 are considered common. The preparation of homeopathic remedies, known as dynamization or potentiziation, consists of successive dilutions followed by shaking in 10 hard strikes against an elastic body at each dilution stage. The vigorous agitation following each dilution.
Gimli Glider - dripstick, a sort of dipstick for planes, giving the total volume of fuel in the tanks. The problem occurred when it became time to calculate how much fuel was needed for the trip from Montreal to Edmonton. The calculations were based not on volume, but weight, so the measurements had to be converted. The 767 measured fuel in kilograms, whereas all of the other manuals and planes in the Air Canada fleet used pounds. Looking in their notes for the conversion they used the factor of 1.77 pounds/liter, but a plane measured in kg should have used .8 kg/liter instead. After using the 1.77 figure they punched in 20,400 to the computer, indicating kg, and the computer said there was enough fuel. In fact they had only 9144 kg onboard, not.
Esophageal cancer - disease that affects cells, the body's basic unit of life. To understand any type of cancer, it is helpful to know about normal cells and what happens when they become cancerous. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells grow, divide, and produce more cells when they are needed. This process keeps the body healthy and functioning properly. Sometimes, however, cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed. The mass of extra cells forms a growth or tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancer. They usually can be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Most important, benign tumors are rarely a threat to life..
August 2003 - with admitted links to al-Qaeda. [1] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declassifies carbon dioxide as a pollutant, a move seen as leading to the elimination of restrictions on industrial emissions of the controversial gas. Climate scientists have debated carbon dioxide's role in global warming for over a decade, with most voices (though notably fewer within the US) calling it the biggest factor, while others call it negligible. [1] Occupation of Iraq: Americann and Iraqi officials are discussing the possibility of forming a large Iraqi militia or paramilitary force to help improve security in the country. [1] Terrorist: Terrorism group Jemaah Islamiyah has schemes, revealed in a 40-page manifesto (the Pupji book or General Guide to the Struggle of Jemaah Islamiyah), for a suicide bombing campaign designed to change Asia and the.
Aztec calendar - in the sky in 584 days, called synodic period. As 5 x 584 is equal to 8 x 365, the Maya considered five Venus years equal to eight solar years. And as 365 x 104 is equal to both 146 x 260 and 65 x 584, the sacred, the solar, and the venus calendars become coincident every 37,960 days, or 104 years. That is, two Mesoamerican "centuries" of 52 years. (Actually, the Maya knew the Venus cycle to be 583.92 days, instead of a round 584, so they dropped four days every sixty-one Venus years, in order to compensate for the discrepancy and make a round number divisible by 260.) As astronomers are quick to point out, such an accurate knowledge of the cycle of Venus, whose revolutions are by no.
Cancer of the larynx - (metastasizes), the cancer cells often spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck. The cancer cells can also spread to the back of the tongue, other parts of the throat and neck, the lungs, and other parts of the body. When this happens, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells as the primary tumor in the larynx. For example, if cancer of the larynx spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are actually laryngeal cancer cells. The disease is called metastatic cancer of the larynx, not lung cancer. It is treated as cancer of the larynx, not lung cancer. Doctors sometimes call the new tumor "distant" disease. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Cancer of the larynx: who is at risk? 2 Symptoms 3 Diagnosis 4.
Sexual revolution - human sexuality. It is said that at the time, public morality severely restricted open discussion of sexuality as a human characteristic, and specific sexual practices, especially sexual behaviors that did not lead to procreation. Kinsey's books, which among other things reported findings on the frequency of various sexual practices including homosexuality, caused a furor. Many people felt that the study of sexual behavior would undermine the family structure and damage American society. These books laid the groundwork for Masters and Johnson's life work. A ground breaking study called Human Sexual Response in 1966 revealed the nature and scope of the sex practices of young Americans. Lady Chatterley's Lover, Tropic of Cancer, and Fanny Hill In the United States in the years 1959 through 1966, bans on three books with explicit erotic.
