Ferromagnetism - of quantum-mechanical spin is a spinning ball of charge, but the quantum version has distinct differences, such as the fact that it has discrete up/down states that are not described by a vector.) In many materials (specifically those with a filled electron shell), however, the electrons come in pairs of opposite spin, which cancel one another's dipole moments. Only atoms with unpaired electrons (partially filled shells) can experience a net magnetic moment from spin. A ferromagnetic material has many such electrons, and if they are aligned they create a measurable macroscopic field. The spins/dipoles tend to align in parallel to an external magnetic field, an effect called paramagnetism. (A similar effect due to the orbital motion of the electrons, which effectively forms a microscopic current loop that also has a magnetic.
Edge of chaos - Edge of chaos The phrase edge of chaos was coined by computer scientist Christopher Langton in 1990. The phrase refers to an area in the range of a variable, λ (lambda), which was varied while examining the behavior of a cellular automata (CA). As λ varied, the behavior of the CA went through a phase transition of behaviors. Langton found a small area conducive to produce CAs capable of universal computation. At around the same time physicist James P. Crutchfield and others used the phrase onset of chaos to describe more or less the same concept. In the sciences in general, the phrase has come to refer to a metaphor that some physical, biological, economic and social systems operate in a region between complete randomness and complete.
Interdisciplinarity - most important interdisciplinary work has been done by people who have a definite "academic home" in one discipline. Here are a few of the most important concepts that are arguably interdisciplinary, thus finding applications in several different fields: Terms with a high degree of interdisciplinarity include: abstraction architecture analogy chaos theory complexity control culture cycle design discipline elegance energy entropy equilibrium evolution feedback generalization hierarchy invariance language learning logic methodology model mind negotiation ontology order pattern position purpose relation self-organization signal simplicity specialization strategy structure synthesis system transformation trust uniformity unity universe whole.
Intellectual history of time - time, although the time was still adjusted to match what was thought of as 'natural time', the angle of the sun on the horizon. Isochronous time was seen as a problem more than a solution, because people's lives still revolved around the light needed to see. The acceptance of isochronous time had to wait until 1879 when the light bulb was invented. But the clocks were still aligned with the rise of the sun. It took the steam enginge to completely divorce time from the sun. Invention of the locomotive in 1830, time had to be synchronized across vast distances in order to organize the train schedules. This eventually led to the development of time zones, and, of course, global isochronous time. The isochronous clock changed our lives. The all-powerful business.
Embodiment - with the way the adaptive function of categorization works, and how things acquire names. It is distinguished from developmental psychology and physical anthropology by its focus on ontogeny, ontogenetics, chaos theory and cognitive notions of entropy - far more abstract and more reliant on mathematics. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Philosophy of embodiment 2 Key ideas 3.
List of astronomical topics - Observatory -- Burbidge, Geoffrey -- Burbidge, Margaret -- Bureau des Longitudes -- Butterfly Cluster -- C C-type asteroid -- Caelum -- Calendar -- Calendar Round -- Caliban (moon) -- Callisto (moon) -- Calypso (moon) -- Camelopardalis -- Canada-France-Hawaii telescopes -- Canadian Arrow -- Canadian Space Agency -- Cancer (constellation) -- Canes Venatici -- Canis Major -- Canis Minor -- Cannon, Annie -- Canopus -- Capella -- Capricornus -- Carbon -- Carbon star -- Carbonaceous chondrite -- Cardinal directions -- Carina -- Carme -- Carpathian Mountains -- Carrington, Richard -- Cartesian coordinate system -- Cartier, Pierre -- Cartwheel Galaxy -- Cassegrain, Guillaume -- Cassegrain telescope -- Cassiopeia -- Chrétien, Henri -- Cassini probe -- Cassini, Giovanni -- Cassini, Giovanni Domenico -- Castor -- Cataclysmic variable star -- Catalogue of Galaxies and of.
List of mathematical topics (D-F) - Diophantus -- Dipole -- Dirac delta function -- Dirac, Paul -- Dirac equation -- Direct limit -- Direct product -- Direct sum -- Direct sum of groups -- Directed graph -- Directed set -- Direction -- Dirichlet character -- Dirichlet convolution -- Dirichlet, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune -- Dirichlet kernel -- Dirichlet L-series -- Dirichlet ring -- Dirichlet's theorem -- Discontinuity set -- Discrete cosine transform -- Discrete Fourier transform -- Discrete Hankel transform -- Discrete Hartley transform -- Discrete logarithm -- Discrete mathematics -- Discrete optimization -- Discrete random variable -- Discrete sine transform -- Discrete space -- Discrete valuation -- Discriminant of a polynomial -- Disjoint union -- Disjunctive normal form -- Disk integration -- Dispenser -- Displacement -- Distance -- Distinct -- Distribution -- Distributive law -- Distributivity.
List of physics topics A-E - Diffusion Dimension Dimensional analysis Dimensionless number Diode Dipole Dirac Dirac equation Dirac, Paul Direct bandgap Dispersion Dispersion (optics) Displacement Distance Divergence theorem Doppler effect Doppler, Christiaan Double pendulum Double-slit experiment Drift velocity Dual space Duality Dulong-Petit law Dynamical system Dynamical systems and chaos theory Dynamical variable Dynamics Dyson, Freeman E Earth Effective mass Ehrenfest, Paul Eigenvector Einstein Einstein field equations Einstein notation Einstein shift Einstein, Albert Elasticity Electric charge Electric field Electric field screening Electrical charge Electrical circuit Electrical conductance Electrical conduction Electrical conductivity Electrical dipole Electrical energy Electrical engineering Electrical force Electrical generator Electrical length Electrical monopole Electrical network Electrical phenomenon Electrical potential Electrical quadrupole Electrical resistance Electrical resistivity Electricity Electrodynamics Electroluminescence Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetism Electromotive force Electron Electron configuration Electron hole Electron microscope.
James J. Hill - he was able to convince almost anyone to come to his side. All of these traits had a role in James Hill?s precipitous rise to power- most especially his almost uncanny ability to predict the future of business, as shown by the way he entered the railroad business in 1877. During the Panic of 1873, a number of railroads, including the St. Paul and Pacific, had gone bankrupt. The SP&P in particular was caught in an almost hopeless legal muddle. For James Hill, a man with the intelligence and perseverance to sort out this muddle, it was a golden opportunity. For three years Hill researched the SP&P, finally concluding that it would be possible to make quite a deal of money off of the SP&P, provided that the initial capital could.
Hadley cell - At (1), warm, moisture-bearing air converges at the equator. Because the Coriolis force does not act on air masses within about five degrees either side of the geographic equator, winds are light and capricious in direction. The primary movement of air is upward, and thunderstorms are prime transporters of moisture and heat to the upper troposphere. These air masses eventually reach the tropopause, the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere, at a height of between 12 and 15 km, and cannot proceed upward. Nor, because of the upward-welling air below them, can they sink. As a consequence, they are forced either north (a) or south (b) of the equator. It is at this point the Coriolis force evidences itself. As the air masses move away from the equator (2a, 2b),.
Heat engine - laws of thermodynamics, we conclude that: H = C - W where H is the energy exchanged with the high temperature system, C is the energy exchanged with the cold system, and W is the work done by the engine. The efficiency of a heat engine is defined by: e = W / H = (C / H) - 1 The efficiency of any real engine can not be 1. In fact, the most efficient a heat engine operating between two temperatures (Th [h for hot] and Tc [c for cold]) can possibly be is determined by how efficiently a Carnot Engine would work; given by: ecarnot = 1 - Tc / Th The reasoning behind the proof of this theorem relates to the laws of thermodynamics. It is first assumed.
Economic history of Great Britain - writing at the time of the fierce debate on imperialism during the Boer War, observed the spectacle of the 'Scramble for Africa' and emphasized changes in European social structures and attitudes as well as capital flow, though his emphasis on the latter seems to have been the most influential and provocative. His so-called accumulation theory suggested that that capitalism suffered from under-consumption due the rise of monopoly capitalism and the resultant concentration of wealth in fewer hands, which apparently gave rise to a misdistribution of purchasing power. Logically, this argument is sound, given the huge impoverished industrial working class then often far too poor to consume the goods produced by an industrialized economy. His analysis of capital flight and the rise of mammoth cartels later influenced Lenin in his Imperialism: The.
Electrochemical potential - electrochemical potential is a thermodynamic measure that reflects energy from entropy and electrostatics and is typically invoked in molecular processes that involve diffusion. It represents one of many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved. In electrochemistry, the term is typically applied in contexts where a chemical reaction is to take place, such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a battery electrode. In a battery, an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes. The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction (see also electrode potential and Table of standard electrode potentials). In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes, the potential is.
Dissipative system - which is operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium within an environment that exchanges energy, matter and entropy. Often the system is under the control of a thermostat. A dissipative system is characterized by the appearance of stability, but is continually changing. A simple example is a whirlpool: a similar shape is maintained, while water is continually moving through it. More complex examples include lasers, Bénard cells, and even life itself. The term dissipative structures was coined by Ilya Prigogine. In cold climates houses with their heating systems form dissipative systems. In spite of efforts to insulate such houses, to reduce heat losses to their exteriors, considerable heat is lost, or dissipated, from them which would makes their interiors uncomfortably cool or cold. The house is an open system inasmuch as it is.
A Hacker History - Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. before being arrested 1983 Movie War Games shone a flashlight onto the hidden face of hacking 1983 Secret Service gets jurisdiction over credit card and computer fraud 1984, when a guy calling himself Lex Luthor founded the Legion of Doom. Named after a Saturday morning cartoon, the LOD had the reputation of attracting the best of the best — until one of the gang's brightest young acolytes, a kid named Phiber Optik, feuded with Legion of Doomer Erik Bloodaxe and got tossed out of the clubhouse. Phiber's friends formed a rival group, the Masters of Deception. 1984 Chaos Computer Club forms in Germany 1984 The Comprehensive Crime Control Act gives the Secret Service jurisdiction over computer fraud. 1984 The hacker magazine 2600 begins regular publication, The.
Talisman The Adventure - The Adventure also comes with six character record sheets with which to organize character's attributes, followers and objects. The new Character cards included with The Adventure: Centaur Ninja Ork Samurai Soldier Warrior of Chaos Witch Doctor Woodsman The alternate endings are probably the biggest change in this expansion. No longer can the character only reach the Crown of Command at the end of the game, but he/she may instead encounter: Demon Lord: a powerful demonic being with Craft 12 and 4 Lives Pandora Box: the character draws Adventure and spell cards to be used against his or her foes Hercules' Belt: a powerful artifact which gives the character 12 Strentgh and 5 lives Dragon King: a randomized finale with many possibilities The Horrible Black Void: the character is sucked into the.
Blizzard Entertainment - Blackthorne (1994) - Platform game, fantasy game Warcraft (1994) - real time strategy, fantasy game Warcraft II (1995) - real time strategy, fantasy game Diablo (1996) - action-oriented RPG StarCraft (1998) and StarCraft: Brood War (expansion pack) - real time strategy, science fiction game Diablo II (2000) and Diablo II: Lord of Destruction (expansion pack) - action-oriented RPG Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos (2002) and Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne (expansion pack) - real time strategy, fantasy game Upcoming games World of Warcraft StarCraft: Ghost Bnetd In February of 2002, lawyers retained by Blizzard threatened legal action under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act against the developers of bnetd. Blizzard games are designed to operate online exclusively with a set of Blizzard-controlled servers collectively known as "battle.net". Battle.net servers include a CD.
Chemical potential - system is the change in the energy of the sytem when an additional constituent particle is introduced, with the entropy and volume held fixed. If a system contains more than one species of particle, there is a separate chemical potential associated with each species, defined as the change in energy when the number of particles of that species is increased by one. The chemical potential is particularly important when studying systems of reacting particles. Consider the simplest case of two species, where a particle of species 1 can transform into a particle of species 2 and vice versa. An example of such a system is a supersaturated mixture of water liquid (species 1) and water vapor (species 2). In equilibrium, the chemical potentials of the two species must be equal, because.
Classical mechanics - mechanics is roughly compatible with other "classical" theories such as classical electrodynamics and thermodynamics, there are inconsistencies that were discovered in the late 19th century that can only be resolved by more modern physics. In particular, classical nonrelativistic electrodynamics predicts that the speed of light is a constant relative to an aether medium, a prediction that is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics and which led to the development of special relativity. When combined with classical thermodynamics, classical mechanics leads to the Gibbs paradox in which entropy is not a well-defined quantity and to the ultraviolet catastrophe in which a blackbody is predicted to emit infinite amounts of energy. The effort at resolving these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Description of the theory.
Cyclic process - of the cyclic process, when the cyclic process finishes the system's energy is the same as the energy it had when the process began. If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then it represents a heat engine. If it moves counterclockwise then it represents a refrigerator. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Types of Cycles 1.1 Reference 2 State Functions and Entropy 2.2 Demonstration 2.2.1 Part 1 2.2.2 Part 2 2.3 Conclusion Types of Cycles A cyclic process can be (ideally) constructed on a P-V diagram out of 3 or 4 of these processes: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic. For example, a Carnot cycle is constructed out of a pair of quasi-parallel isothermal processes on the top and bottom of the loop, and a pair of quasi-parallel adiabatic processes left and.
